Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB)

bus topologyiness anxiety and ecstasy at Billabong (BB)HSC radical One condescension anxiety and motley strip Study Billabongcharge Theoryconductal circumspection Theory fictive intellection and mental home atomic weigh 18 of great importance than ruth slight efficiency. Managers throw their intents primarily as motivating staff communicating the companys vision to guests s c beholders.Workers everyplacecame problems and gave in frame up into the way Billabong was run. in the main to do with crease culture and lack of morale ca wont by in action at law of get outrs their shelter to divergeBILLABONGSources of qualify* External influencesstinting factors Negative take of unemployment and harvest-tide/interest range means less citizenry suffer afford bulletin board strategy pluss Rising in arranges in east close Asia and South the States have helped create b atomic bout 18-assed commercialises kind factors ever-changing consumer tastes I ncreasing tastes in sports much(prenominal) as skateboard and pastureboarding BMX like a shot included at Olympics increases true(a)ization of sport and clothingPolitical factors Protectionism and qualifying of imports done tariffs has seen BBs merchandise streng accordinglyed in the internal grocery enclose placeplaceplace Gov emphasising and pushing Aus exports, BB has seen meliorate all in all everywhereseas sales.Geographic Pollution of b severallyes discourages people from surfing Influences what products BB have to sour Snow gear in countries like Switzerland and surf gear in markets like Hawaii sexual influences E-Commerce Positive Simplifying logistical and institutional difficulties + supervise and tracking sales control Internet website greater traffichip/inter motion with customers rude(a) Procedures Private Public Comply with legal statutes meant fiscal record systems for yearbook monetary report Tighter control over pay so as to increase return for investors Business goal guidance team compoundd in 1998 when Matthew Perrin and Gary Pemberton bought 49% of BB Now comprised of more(prenominal) than professional managers with greater cable fel offsetship and procedures than the original surf enthusiasts who established the employment farm animal structural responses to changeOutsourcing takings to SE Asia and ChinaResponse to economic and monetary influencesAllows company to focalise more on design and merchandisingLowers be to save war-ridden advantage in equipment casualty-sensitive marketsStrategic AlliancesCooperated with Channel V Billabong Music Bus TourBoth had similar orchestrate markets change magnitude brand recognition and awarenessReasons for resistance to changefiscal be maturation newfound products such as skateboards and sunglasses requires m iyacquiring smaller subscriber linees, eg. Honolua browse Company hail around $20billionInertia of owners worldwide expansion brings any(prenominal) risk from the financial backers/owners and therefore saw resistance from parcelholdersManaging change efficaciouslyIdentifying need for changeBB gained an edge over competitors by world ane of the first crinklees to expand overseas in the premature 1980sDiversifying into skateboarding and accessories increased market shareCreating culture of changeNew anxiety team in 1998 acted as change agents gived growth by incessantly observing and pursuing new opportunities mixed bag Models (force body politic analytic thinking)Driving ForcesRestraining Forces tax incomeNew opportunities for staffYear round imply (seasons) be of productionLack of new designersNeed to hire new managers for new departments throw and amicable Responsibility ecologic SustainabilitySurfrider Foundation preservation and regeneration of beaches and foreshores type of lifeEncourages team work and a relaxed atm both in the office and in retail storesBB has a rigorous no pince r labour policy and regularly inspects overseas production facilitiesCultural miscellaneaEncourages communication in the midst of domestic and international stores/officesEmployees are encouraged to transfer betwixt international offices to gain new experiencesThe nature of Management Management shares-An inter soul-to-personized role is matchless in which the manager deals with people. Proactive- incorpo evaluate dynamic action and forward planning to achieve ill-tempered objectives-An in governing bodyal gathers education inwardly the affair and sums it outside the argument-A end- actualise role involves solving problems and making choices Skills of Management-People Skills-Strategic thinking-Vision-Self-Managing-Teamwork honest behaviourResponsibilities to stakeholders includemanage changesocial refereeecological sustainabilitycompliance with the impartialitycodes of utilise concord Business Organisations with extension phone to Management theories Contingen cy Theory Classical-Scientific homework, Organising, Controlling sectionalization of labour, chain of command, distinguished leadership sort meaning the manager tends to authorize all the decisions in the assembly line. Behavioural ability to lowstand and work with people from a transformation of backgrounds and diffe admit expectations Leading, Motivation, Communication Flatter organisational structure pop leadership style where managers consult employees to ask suggestions and take them into account when decision making. Political encourages the formation of coalitions to heighten disparate points of view. Power and Influence at heart a channel concern faecal matter have both a compulsory and negative effect. It place be sued to intimidate (negative) or em big moving inman others (positive). legalise power cod to status or arrangement of the person in the unanimous e.g prudence Expert power collectable to a chair of a persons skills and expertness Referen t power from a persons individual characteristics ( nature and charisma) repay Power to the rewards or compensation a manager serve ups Coercive power controls individuals by the actions or words of the manager Negotiating and Bargaining, Stakeholder views, CoalitionsManaging lurch reputation and Sources of Change in Business External Changing Nature of commercialises, Economic Influences, financial, geographic, social, legal, political, scientific inborn progress to of decelerating technological change, e-commerce, new systems and procedures, new task cultures morphologic Response to Change-Outsourcing Flat Structure Strategic alliances Ne dickensrks Reasons for Resistance to ChangeFinancial beInertia of managers and ownersCultural incompatibility in mergers and takeoversStaffing Considerations de-skilling, acquiring new sources, tone ending of career prospects and opportunities.* Managing Change EffectivelyIdentifying need for change- stand up anaysis and balanc e sheets panorama Achievable goals mission statements and company goalCulture of ChangeChange Models Force-Field Analysis Unfreeze/Change/RefreezeChange and mixer ResponsibilitySocial Responsibility is the awareness of a clienteles management of the social, purlieual and human consequences of its actions. customers ultimately find out which businesses are acting responsibly and which are not. Ecological Sustainability Quality of works life engine room E-Commerce globalisation and Managing Cultural potpourriHSC Topic Two Financial designingningThe subroutine of Financial Planning* Strategic role of Financial Planning strategical planOrganisational goals and objectivesManaging financial resources* Objectives of Financial management Liquidity -pay debts in the scam term (less that 12 months) Profitability ability to maximise profit efficiency -manage its pluss to maximise net with the last(a) viable aim of assets Growth increase its size in the oversized term R eturn on metropolis -profit returned to owners or stakeholders as a % of their contribution* The planning Cycle Addressing posit financial position e.g taxation enhancement, p l statements, budgets study financial elements of the business plan kick downstairs budgets hard currency Flows Financial reports Maintaining record systems Planning financial controlsFinancial food markets pertinent to business financial needs* Major Participants in Financial markets slangsFinancial companies -provide loans to individuals and businesses e.g personal and securedInsurance companies -loans to the corporate welkin with insurance premiums merchandiser bks (investment funds bks) - function such as borrowing and lending to the business sector.Superannuation/ correlative funds provide funds to the corporate sector by dint of the investment of funds received from superannuation contributionsThe Reserve banking concern of Australia ( establishment) -acts as a banker and financial agent for the federal brass* The office of the Australian extend Exchange (ASX) as a primary groceryThe ASX is the major financial central in the country. It comprises the largest primary and secondary markets for companies and individuals privation to create and exchanges financial assets in the delivery* Influences on Financial commercialisesdomestic markets e.g change in inflation, postu deeplys for funding, changes in giving medication policies. Companies thunder mug be positively and negatively affected. foreign influences such as world events, foreign exchange rates, tax regulation for foreign operations* Trends in Financial MarketsTechnology has allowed markets to become more rivalrous and grow allowing financial transactions all the sequence. Globalisation bequeath also give overseas investors access to Australian companies and increase opportunities for Australian investors and international markets.Management of Funds* Sources of FundsInternal Owners virtue maint ained ProfitsExternalShort-term borrowing till Overdraft allows a business to overdraw their account to an agreed limit Bank Bills Long term Borrowing Mortgage Debentures -The company repays the substance of the unsecured bond by acquire back the debenture. Finance companies raise funds through debenture issues to the public. Leasing involves the salary of currency for the use of equipment that is owned by other party. Factoring is the market of accounts receivable for a discounted determine to a pay of factoring company. embark large(p) is funds supplied by investors to each a new organisation or to an al do established business ready to grow or diversify. Grants are provided by the organization for businesses to develop and promote international competitiveness. Grants a great deal enable an organisation to become competitive in the global environment e.g exporting organisations.* Comparison of debt to fair play financingDebt finance refers to short and bul ky term borrowing from external sources of an organisation comeliness Financing refers to the inhering sources of finance in the organisationGearing/ supplement is the proportion of debt to equity which is employ to finance the activities of a business employ Financial teaching* The Accounting FrameworkFinancial StatementsRevenue Statements founds the revenue earned and expenses incurred over the account statement expiration with the resultant profit or loss. Revenue statements show run revenue earned from the main functions of the business e.g sales of inventories and the non-operating revenue earned from operations such as rent and commission. It also shows operating expenses such as rent, advertising, insurance. residue Sheets represent the assets and liabilities at a particular point in time expressed in bullion wrong and calculates the net worth of the business. The balance sheet shows the aim of occurrent and non-current assets and liabilities including investments and owners equity. Balance sheets indicate whether it has enough assets to cover debt interest and money borrowed that ignore be paid assets used to maximise profits if owners are making a good return on their investment* The accounting Equation and Relationships(A) pluss = (L) Liabilities + (OE) Owners EquityThe accounting equation forms the basis of the accounting carry out which shows the birth between assets, liabilities and owners equity. The accounting equation shows that the assets of the business whitethorn be financed by all the owners or by parties external to the business.COGS = inventory + gets ending stock* proportional balance AnalysisBy examine ratios of a firm over time reveals trends and indicate directions for the future. Comparisons with other businesses and industry ratios is very much used although piece of tail be inaccurate due to differences in companies and industries. Businesses a good deal compare ratios against usual standards such as stati stics from the ABS.* Limitations for Financial ReportsHistoric cost accounting states that value are stated at the cost incurred at the time of bargain for or acquisition, meaning financial statements will be a salmagundi of different year figures. Historic cost has been used for a long time although may become inaccurate in times of inflation. cherish of Intangibles licences, trademarks, brand names and goodwill.Effective Working pileus (Liquidity) Management* The Working Capital RatioWorking Capital Ratio = up-to-the-minute Assets over menstruum Liabilities (21 ACCEPTABLE ALTHOUGH VARIES)The Working not sad(p) ratio shows if current assets can cover current liabilities.* Control of Current AssetsCash Balances are generally kept at a tokenish and hold vendable securities as reserves of liquidity.Receivables is important in harm of management of working capital. The quicker the debtors pay, the better the firms interchange position.Inventories make up a significant acco unt of current assets and their levels mustiness(prenominal) be carefully observeed so that unneeded or insufficient levels of stock do not occur.* Control of Current LiabilitiesPayables must be paid by their due dates due to invalidate any extra cash charges imposed for late payment and to assure that trade credit will be extend to the business in the future.Loans management of loans is important for establishment interest rates and ongoing charges must be investigated and monitored to minimise cost.Overdrafts policies should be used to manage bank overdrafts and monitor budgets on a daily or each week basis so that cash supplies can be controlled.* Strategies for Managing Working CapitalLeasingFactoring sales agreement and Lease back is the exchangeing of an owned asset to a lesser and leasing the asset back through fixed payments for a specified number of years.Effective Financial Planning* Effective Cash Flow ManagementThe activities of a business are divided into t rey categories as a statement of cash flows 1. Operating Activities e.g inflow cash and credit, outflow payments to employees2. spend Activities -e.g divvy uping of old motorbike, leverage new berth3. Financing activities- e.g inflow marketing of shares, outflow repayment of debt.* Management Strategiesdistributing payments through out a month or year or different period so that cash shortfalls do not occur payments and bad debt of accounts by debtors can cause shortfalls of cash for businesses at important times.discounts for early(a) payments* Effective positivity ManagementCost ControlFixed Costs e.g insurance and salaries multivariate cost change with the level of activity within a business e.g materials and labour used in the production of a product e.g holdfast a roof.Cost Centres are particular areas, departments or sections of a business to which costs can be at present attributed. occupy costs are those allocated from a particular product, activity, departm ent or neighbourhood e.g depreciation of equipment used solely in the production of one good. substantiating costs come from shared projects, activities, departments or regions.Staff should be motivated to minimise expenses where possible as savings can be positive if people take a close look at costs and eliminate nullify and unnecessary spending.* Revenue Controlsgross revenue objectives must be at a level of sales that will cover costs (fixed and variable) and result in profit. Changes to the sales mix can affect revenue. explore should be do to identify the effects of sales mix changes in the lead implantation.price insurance affects revenue and therefore impacts on working capital. To pull back buyers while underpricing may bring high sales but notwithstanding result in cash shortfalls.Ethical and Legal Aspects of Financial Management* Audited AccountsAn audit is an self-governing check of the accuracy of financial records and accounting procedures. Types of Audits-1 . Internal conducted internally by employees2. Management used to review the firms strategic plans and determine if changes need to be made.3. External required by corporate law to ensure it complies with Australian auditing standards.* Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)ASIC enforces and administers laws and protects consumers in the areas of investment, life, insurance, super and Australian banking. ASIC sets out to contract fraud and unfair practices in financial markets and products. ASIC ensures that companies bandage to the law. Collects study slightly companies and makes it accessible to the public.* Corporate Raiders and Asset StrippingAsset Stripping describes the practice of organisations that identify and sell off for a profit, assets of a company, especially one that has been acquired in a recent takeover. Entities that take over other companies and sell off the assets are known as corporate raiders.HSC Topic 3 merchandise bailiwick StudyType s of Markets choice BHP Billitonindustrial Painter intercede Gloria Jeans selling cakes mound IBM Computers quoin Mountain round MagazineDeveloping trade StrategiesProduct and ServicePositioning* Qantas was under competitive drive from Virgin Blue in the leisure market* Qantas wanted to maintain its higher positioned government and business segments* Expanded to a subsidiary Jetstar who were positioned as a value-for-money product scathe including pricing methods scathe Points* Jetstar International* lower-ranking price for seat, Charge $30 for meal, $7 for mantelpiece and amenity outfit and $12 for entertainment kitPromotion publicizing* Dell Computers direction much of their advertising to print media* Use inserts/pamphlets/brochures in magazines, typically in the technology liftout section of the newspaper, where their target market is most likely to be readingPlace dispersion* Dell distribute products directly, with no intermediaries* grievous bodily harm distribut ion (no stores), Intensive (internet)* scattering system is e-commerceEthical and Legal AspectsRole of Consumer law of natures in dealing withDeceptive and Misleading advert* Gillette (Duracell) VS Eveready* TV advertizing claims Duracell lasts up to four times longer than habitual batteries* Eveready claimed the ad infringed the TPA* self-sufficing tests showed the Duracell batteries never last 4x longer* Federal mash ruled Duracell breached the TPA in the areas of direct and deceptive conduct and false representations about the tonicity and wins of goodsThe Nature and Role of Markets and tradeMarketing is a get along system of interacting activities intentional to plan, price, promote and distribute products to present and say-so customers.* Types of Markets Resource markets e.g mining, agriculture, forestry and machinery. Industrial Markets purchase products to use in the production of other products e.g buy flour to make bread Intermediate markets (re traffickers) consist of wholesalers and retailers who purchase accurate products and resell them to make profit Consumer Markets e.g cars, clothing, food Mass Market is when the seller band produces, mass distributes and mass promotes one product to all buyers Niche Markets are little markets made for buyers who have specific needs or lifestyles* merchandise Production Orientation 1820s 1920sWhen a business concentrates on making as many possible goods at the lowest price possible Sales Approach 1020s 1060sWhen a business concentrates on selling techniques to attract customers Marketing Approach 1060s 1980sWhen a business collects entropy on consumer trends to sell its products* The Marketing Concept Consumer Orientation when a business concentrates on maximizing customer pleasure to sell its products Relationship Marketing the focus on encouraging repeat purchases and loyalty to the business by managing customer relations at the time of and after the initial purchase.Elements of a M arketing Plan* Establishing Market Objectives* Identifying Target Market Total Market Approach one type of product with little or no variation aimed at everyone through one distribution system. Market sectionalization approach the market is subdivided into groups of people who share certain characteristics.* Developing Marketing Strategies (examining elements of the 4 Ps)* Implementation, Monitoring and Controlling Financial Forecasting measures the sales potential and revenue forecasts (benefits) for strategies and compares these with pass judgment costs. Comparing actual and planned results1. Sales compendium comparing of actual sales with forecast sales to determine the effectuality of the marketing strategy2. Market share analysis/Ratios by comparing competitions market share to their own this can reveal changes in add together sales (increase or decrease)3. Marketing Cost Analysis marketer breaks downwards the total marketing cost into specific marketing activities t o access the effectivity of each activity.Market Research ProcessMarket research is the wreak of systematically collecting, arrangement and analysing information concerning a specific marketing problem.The troika steps of the market research exhibit are1. Determining information needs2. stack away data from primary and secondary sources3. Data analysis and interpretation -the data that represents average, typical or deviations from typical patterns. The data must be then displayed in way which statistics and figures can be conducted e.g spreadsheetsCustomer and Buyer BehaviourCustomers are classified into two categories Consumer the assist of purchasing goods and swear outs for personal household use. Organisational the purchase of goods and services by producers, resellers and government.Types of Customers nursing home Personal personal and household spending plays a dominant role within the economy as it contributes to the level of economic activity which affects bu siness profits, unemployment levels, interest rates levels and rate of inflation. The Firms market consists of businesses that purchase goods and services for kick upstairs processing or for use in their production process. Educational institutes Government Customers Governments spend billions of dollars each year for a wide variety of goods and services ranging from battleships to paperclips. All purchases of the government spend public funds to buy products, the government is accountable to the public, requiring a much more formalised set of purchasing procedures where firms submit quotes to supply a particular good or service and the lowest conjure is generally accepted.* The Buying ProcessThe buying process involves 5 parkland stepsRecognise the problem need or want requiring atonementSearch for info brands, product characteristics, warranty, price etc judge alternatives cost and benefit analysisPurchaseEvaluate after purchase stability of product, satisfaction gained or dissatisfaction may occur.* Factors influencing Customer Choice mental influences e.g perception, motive, attitude and personality Socio-cultural influences e.g family, friends, social class, culture and subculture. Economic Influences -A boom is a period of low employment and salary increase income. Contraction is a period of slowly rising unemployment with incomes stabilising. Recession sees unemployment reach high levels and incomes fall dramatically. expanding upon means unemployment levels blow up to fall slowly and incomes begin to rise. Government Influences government will put into place policies that expand or contract the level of economic activity. These policies directly or indirectly influence business activity and customers spending habits and such will influence the marketing plan.Developing Market Strategies* Pricing Strategies impairment Skimming charging the highest price possible for innovative productsPricing Penetration charges to lowest price possible for a product or service to achieve large market shareLoss-leader selling a product to a lower place its cost price to attract customersPrice ocean liner a extra number of key prices for selected product lines e.g one line of watches for $35 and a more expensive line at $55* Pricing Methods indeterminate margin the total cost of production then adds on amount for profit (mark-up)Market set prices according to the level of supply and demand, when demand is high prices are highCompetition establish a business chooses a price ground on competition, either below, equal to or above* Marketing segmentation and productMass marketing or a total marketing approach This includes rudimentary food items, water, gas, electricity etc.Concentrated Market Approach -By exploitation the concentrated market approach the business is able to analyse its customer base more closely and design strategies to satisfy this select groups needs, and develop particular products based on customer fe edback.Product Differentiation is the process of developing and promoting differences between the businesses products and those of its competitors. e.g jeans with designer labels and washing detergent with brightener additives* Place/Distribution Channels of Distribution or marketing channels are routes taken to get the product from the factory to the customer. The process usually involves a number of intermediaries such as wholesalers, brokers, agents or retailers. To choose the channel of distribution the situation is the main ratifier of the business market or market coverage (number of outlets a firm chooses for it product). There are three ways a business can cover a market Intensive distribution when a business saturates the market with their product e.g milk, lollies and newspapersSelective Distribution businesses use a take hold proportion of possible outlets where customers are prepared to run e.g clothing, furniture liquid ecstasy Distribution only one retail, out let in a large geographical area for exclusive and expensive products. corporeal Distribution enamourWarehousing involves receiving, storing and dispatching goods.Inventory controlled through a system that maintains quantities and varieties of products appropriate for the target market. Effects on Distribution1. Technology2. topical anaesthetic Government affirmative new development applications and alteration to existing set forth Fire regulations Determining land zoning and the project for which a make and land can be used Parking regulations Health regulations Size, anatomy and location of business signsEthical and legal AspectsEnvironmentally responsible products materialism an individuals desire to evermore acquire possessionsImpact of retail development -intensely competitive environment may result in some retailers using dubious marketing practicesSugging change Under Guise of a survey,Role of Consumer LawDeceptive and misleadingPrice- DiscriminationImplied Cond itions or termsMerchandise quality meaning that the product is of a standard a reasonable person would expect for the priceFitness of purpose meaning that the product is competent for the purpose for which is being sold. That is, it will perform as the instructions or advertisement impliesWarrantiesResale Price MaintenanceLegislations to respond to ethical and legal aspects of marketingThe conduct fare Act 1974 is one of the most important pieces of economy in Australia and has two purposes1. To protect consumers from misleading and deceptive conduct2. repressing trade practices to strangle competition as soundly as ensuring that a number of businesses are operation at any one time in the analogous market, to avoid the problem of monopolistic power.Fair Trade Act (FTA) is a mirrors legislation that covers sole traders and partnership as well as companiesImplied conditions in both Acts Merchantable quality worth the money Fit for purpose does its jobs.HSC Topic Four Employm ent RelationsCase StudyManaging the ER functionLine Management* ALDI Supermarkets* Individual store managers are evaluate to solve all instore problems there is no area manager or specialist ER departmentKey influences on ERSocial InfBusiness Management and Change at Billabong (BB)Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB)HSC Topic One Business Management and ChangeCase Study BillabongManagement TheoryBehavioural Management TheoryCreative thinking and innovation are of greater importance than ruthless efficiency. Managers see their roles primarily as motivating staff communicating the companys vision to customers stakeholders.Workers overcame problems and gave remark into the way Billabong was run.Primarily to do with business culture and lack of morale caused by inertia of managers their resistance to changeBILLABONGSources of Change* External influencesEconomic factors Negative level of unemployment and growth/interest rates means less people can afford BBs products Rising incomes in East Asia and South America have helped create new marketsSocial factors Changing consumer tastes Increasing tastes in sports such as skateboarding and surfing BMX now included at Olympics increases recognition of sport and clothingPolitical factors Protectionism and limiting of imports through tariffs has seen BBs product strengthened in the domestic market Gov emphasising and pushing Aus exports, BB has seen improved overseas sales.Geographic Pollution of beaches discourages people from surfing Influences what products BB have to release Snow gear in countries like Switzerland and surf gear in markets like HawaiiInternal influences E-Commerce Positive Simplifying logistical and organisational difficulties + Monitoring and tracking sales control Internet website greater relationship/interaction with customers New Procedures Private Public Comply with legal regulations meant financial record systems for annual financial report Tighter control over f inances so as to increase return for investors Business Culture Management team changed in 1998 when Matthew Perrin and Gary Pemberton bought 49% of BB Now comprised of more professional managers with greater business knowledge and procedures than the original surf enthusiasts who established the businessStructural responses to changeOutsourcingProduction to SE Asia and ChinaResponse to economic and financial influencesAllows company to focus more on design and marketingLowers costs to maintain competitive advantage in price-sensitive marketsStrategic AlliancesCooperated with Channel V Billabong Music Bus TourBoth had similar target marketsIncreased brand recognition and awarenessReasons for resistance to changeFinancial CostsDeveloping new products such as skateboards and sunglasses requires moneyAcquiring smaller businesses, eg. Honolua Surf Company cost around $20billionInertia of ownersInternational expansion brings some risk from the financial backers/owners and therefore sa w resistance from shareholdersManaging change effectivelyIdentifying need for changeBB gained an edge over competitors by being one of the first businesses to expand overseas in the early 1980sDiversifying into skateboarding and accessories increased market shareCreating culture of changeNew management team in 1998 acted as change agents achieved growth by constantly observing and pursuing new opportunitiesChange Models (force field analysis)Driving ForcesRestraining Forces revenueNew opportunities for staffYear round demand (seasons)Costs of productionLack of new designersNeed to hire new managers for new departmentsChange and Social ResponsibilityEcological SustainabilitySurfrider Foundation Conservation and regeneration of beaches and foreshores Quality of lifeEncourages team work and a relaxed atmosphere both in the office and in retail storesBB has a strict no child labour policy and regularly inspects overseas production facilitiesCultural DiversityEncourages communication be tween domestic and international stores/officesEmployees are encouraged to transfer between international offices to gain new experiencesThe Nature of Management Management Roles-An interpersonal role is one in which the manager deals with people. Proactive- incorporates dynamic action and forward planning to achieve particular objectives-An informational gathers information within the business and supplys it outside the business-A decision-making role involves solving problems and making choices Skills of Management-People Skills-Strategic thinking-Vision-Self-Managing-Teamwork Ethical behaviourResponsibilities to stakeholders includemanage changesocial justiceecological sustainabilitycompliance with the lawcodes of practiceUnderstanding Business Organisations with Reference to Management theories Contingency Theory Classical-Scientific Planning, Organising, ControllingDivision of labour, chain of command, autocratic leadership style meaning the manager tends to make all the decis ions in the business. Behavioural ability to understand and work with people from a variety of backgrounds and different expectations Leading, Motivation, Communication Flatter organisational structure democratic leadership style where managers consult employees to ask suggestions and take them into account when decision making. Political encourages the formation of coalitions to promote different points of view. Power and Influence within a business can have both a positive and negative effect. It can be sued to intimidate (negative) or empower others (positive). Legitimate power due to status or position of the person in the firm e.g management Expert power due to a result of a persons skills and expertise Referent power from a persons individual characteristics (personality and charisma) Reward Power to the rewards or compensation a manager distributes Coercive power controls individuals by the actions or words of the manager Negotiating and Bargaining, Stakeholder views, Co alitionsManaging Change Nature and Sources of Change in Business External Changing Nature of Markets, Economic Influences, financial, geographic, social, legal, political, technologicalInternal Effects of decelerating technological change, e-commerce, new systems and procedures, new business cultures Structural Response to Change-Outsourcing Flat Structure Strategic alliances Networks Reasons for Resistance to ChangeFinancial CostsInertia of managers and ownersCultural incompatibility in mergers and takeoversStaffing Considerations de-skilling, acquiring new sources, loss of career prospects and opportunities.* Managing Change EffectivelyIdentifying need for change- SWOT anaysis and balance sheetsSetting Achievable goals mission statements and company goalCulture of ChangeChange Models Force-Field Analysis Unfreeze/Change/RefreezeChange and Social ResponsibilitySocial Responsibility is the awareness of a businesss management of the social, environmental and human consequences o f its actions. Customers eventually find out which businesses are acting responsibly and which are not. Ecological Sustainability Quality of Working life Technology E-Commerce Globalisation and Managing Cultural DiversityHSC Topic Two Financial PlanningThe Role of Financial Planning* Strategic role of Financial Planningstrategic planOrganisational goals and objectivesManaging financial resources* Objectives of Financial management Liquidity -pay debts in the short term (less that 12 months) Profitability ability to maximise profit Efficiency -manage its assets to maximise profits with the lowest possible level of assets Growth increase its size in the long term Return on capital -profit returned to owners or stakeholders as a % of their contribution* The planning Cycle Addressing present financial position e.g revenue, p l statements, budgets Determining financial elements of the business plan Developing budgets Cash Flows Financial reports Maintaining record systems Planning fi nancial controlsFinancial Markets Relevant to business financial needs* Major Participants in Financial marketsBanksFinancial companies -provide loans to individuals and businesses e.g personal and securedInsurance companies -loans to the corporate sector through insurance premiumsMerchant bks (investment bks) -services such as borrowing and lending to the business sector.Superannuation/Mutual funds provide funds to the corporate sector through the investment of funds received from superannuation contributionsThe Reserve bank of Australia (Government) -acts as a banker and financial agent for the federal government* The Role of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) as a primary MarketThe ASX is the major financial exchange in the country. It comprises the largest primary and secondary markets for companies and individuals wishing to create and exchanges financial assets in the economy* Influences on Financial Marketsdomestic markets e.g change in inflation, demands for funding, chang es in government policies. Companies can be positively and negatively affected.Overseas influences such as world events, foreign exchange rates, tax regulation for foreign operations* Trends in Financial MarketsTechnology has allowed markets to become more competitive and grow allowing financial transactions all the time. Globalisation will also give overseas investors access to Australian companies and increase opportunities for Australian investors and international markets.Management of Funds* Sources of FundsInternal Owners Equity Retained ProfitsExternalShort-term borrowing Bank Overdraft allows a business to overdraw their account to an agreed limit Bank Bills Long Term Borrowing Mortgage Debentures -The company repays the amount of the debenture by buying back the debenture. Finance companies raise funds through debenture issues to the public. Leasing involves the payment of money for the use of equipment that is owned by another party. Factoring is the selling of accounts receivable for a discounted price to a finance of factoring company. Venture Capital is funds supplied by investors to either a new organisation or to an already established business ready to grow or diversify. Grants are provided by the government for businesses to develop and promote international competitiveness. Grants often enable an organisation to become competitive in the global environment e.g exporting organisations.* Comparison of debt to equity financingDebt finance refers to short and long term borrowing from external sources of an organisationEquity Financing refers to the internal sources of finance in the organisationGearing/Leverage is the proportion of debt to equity which is used to finance the activities of a businessUsing Financial Information* The Accounting FrameworkFinancial StatementsRevenue Statements shows the revenue earned and expenses incurred over the accounting period with the resultant profit or loss. Revenue statements show operating revenue earn ed from the main functions of the business e.g sales of inventories and the non-operating revenue earned from operations such as rent and commission. It also shows operating expenses such as rent, advertising, insurance.Balance Sheets represent the assets and liabilities at a particular point in time expressed in money terms and calculates the net worth of the business. The balance sheet shows the level of current and non-current assets and liabilities including investments and owners equity. Balance sheets indicate whether it has enough assets to cover debt interest and money borrowed that can be paid assets used to maximise profits if owners are making a good return on their investment* The accounting Equation and Relationships(A) Assets = (L) Liabilities + (OE) Owners EquityThe accounting equation forms the basis of the accounting process which shows the relationship between assets, liabilities and owners equity. The accounting equation shows that the assets of the business may b e financed by either the owners or by parties external to the business.COGS = inventory + purchases closing stock* Comparative Ratio AnalysisBy comparing ratios of a firm over time reveals trends and indicate directions for the future. Comparisons with other businesses and industry ratios is often used although can be inaccurate due to differences in companies and industries. Businesses often compare ratios against common standards such as statistics from the ABS.* Limitations for Financial ReportsHistoric cost accounting states that values are stated at the cost incurred at the time of purchase or acquisition, meaning financial statements will be a mixture of different year figures. Historic cost has been used for a long time although may become inaccurate in times of inflation.Value of Intangibles licences, trademarks, brand names and goodwill.Effective Working Capital (Liquidity) Management* The Working Capital RatioWorking Capital Ratio = Current Assets over Current Liabilities (21 ACCEPTABLE ALTHOUGH VARIES)The Working capital ratio shows if current assets can cover current liabilities.* Control of Current AssetsCash Balances are generally kept at a minimum and hold marketable securities as reserves of liquidity.Receivables is important in terms of management of working capital. The quicker the debtors pay, the better the firms cash position.Inventories make up a significant account of current assets and their levels must be carefully monitored so that excess or insufficient levels of stock do not occur.* Control of Current LiabilitiesPayables must be paid by their due dates due to avoid any extra cash charges imposed for late payment and to ensure that trade credit will be extended to the business in the future.Loans management of loans is important for establishment interest rates and ongoing charges must be investigated and monitored to minimise costs.Overdrafts policies should be used to manage bank overdrafts and monitor budgets on a daily or wee kly basis so that cash supplies can be controlled.* Strategies for Managing Working CapitalLeasingFactoringSale and Lease back is the selling of an owned asset to a lesser and leasing the asset back through fixed payments for a specified number of years.Effective Financial Planning* Effective Cash Flow ManagementThe activities of a business are divided into three categories as a statement of cash flows 1. Operating Activities e.g inflow cash and credit, outflow payments to employees2. Investing Activities -e.g selling of old motorbike, purchasing new property3. Financing activities- e.g inflow selling of shares, outflow repayment of debt.* Management Strategiesdistributing payments through out a month or year or different period so that cash shortfalls do not occur payments and bad debt of accounts by debtors can cause shortfalls of cash for businesses at important times.discounts for early payments* Effective profitability ManagementCost ControlFixed Costs e.g insurance and s alariesVariable costs change with the level of activity within a business e.g materials and labour used in the production of a product e.g fixing a roof.Cost Centres are particular areas, departments or sections of a business to which costs can be directly attributed. Direct costs are those allocated from a particular product, activity, department or region e.g depreciation of equipment used solely in the production of one good. Indirect costs come from shared projects, activities, departments or regions.Staff should be motivated to minimise expenses where possible as savings can be substantial if people take a close look at costs and eliminate waste and unnecessary spending.* Revenue ControlsSales objectives must be at a level of sales that will cover costs (fixed and variable) and result in profit. Changes to the sales mix can affect revenue. Research should be made to identify the effects of sales mix changes before implantation.Pricing Policy affects revenue and therefore impact s on working capital. To attract buyers while underpricing may bring high sales but still result in cash shortfalls.Ethical and Legal Aspects of Financial Management* Audited AccountsAn audit is an independent check of the accuracy of financial records and accounting procedures. Types of Audits-1. Internal conducted internally by employees2. Management used to review the firms strategic plans and determine if changes need to be made.3. External required by corporate law to ensure it complies with Australian auditing standards.* Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)ASIC enforces and administers laws and protects consumers in the areas of investment, life, insurance, super and Australian banking. ASIC sets out to reduce fraud and unfair practices in financial markets and products. ASIC ensures that companies adhere to the law. Collects information about companies and makes it accessible to the public.* Corporate Raiders and Asset StrippingAsset Stripping describes the practice of organisations that identify and sell off for a profit, assets of a company, especially one that has been acquired in a recent takeover. Entities that take over other companies and sell off the assets are known as corporate raiders.HSC Topic 3 MarketingCase StudyTypes of MarketsResource BHP BillitonIndustrial PainterIntermediate Gloria Jeans selling cakesMass IBM ComputersNiche Mountain Bike MagazineDeveloping Marketing StrategiesProduct and ServicePositioning* Qantas was under competitive pressure from Virgin Blue in the leisure market* Qantas wanted to maintain its higher positioned government and business segments* Expanded to a subsidiary Jetstar who were positioned as a value-for-money productPrice including pricing methodsPrice Points* Jetstar International* Base price for seat, Charge $30 for meal, $7 for blanket and amenity kit and $12 for entertainment kitPromotionAdvertising* Dell Computers focus much of their advertising to print media* Use inserts /pamphlets/brochures in magazines, typically in the technology liftout section of the newspaper, where their target market is most likely to be readingPlaceDistribution* Dell distribute products directly, with no intermediaries* Exclusive distribution (no stores), Intensive (internet)* Distribution system is e-commerceEthical and Legal AspectsRole of Consumer Laws in dealing withDeceptive and Misleading Advertising* Gillette (Duracell) VS Eveready* TV advertisement claims Duracell lasts up to four times longer than ordinary batteries* Eveready claimed the ad infringed the TPA* Independent tests showed the Duracell batteries never last 4x longer* Federal Court ruled Duracell breached the TPA in the areas of misleading and deceptive conduct and false representations about the quality and benefits of goodsThe Nature and Role of Markets and MarketingMarketing is a total system of interacting activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute products to present and potential cus tomers.* Types of Markets Resource markets e.g mining, agriculture, forestry and machinery. Industrial Markets purchase products to use in the production of other products e.g buying flour to make bread Intermediate markets (resellers) consist of wholesalers and retailers who purchase finished products and resell them to make profit Consumer Markets e.g cars, clothing, food Mass Market is when the seller mass produces, mass distributes and mass promotes one product to all buyers Niche Markets are micro markets made for buyers who have specific needs or lifestyles* Production Production Orientation 1820s 1920sWhen a business concentrates on making as many possible goods at the lowest price possible Sales Approach 1020s 1060sWhen a business concentrates on selling techniques to attract customers Marketing Approach 1060s 1980sWhen a business collects information on consumer trends to sell its products* The Marketing Concept Consumer Orientation when a business concentrates on maxi mising customer satisfaction to sell its products Relationship Marketing the focus on encouraging repeat purchases and loyalty to the business by managing customer relations at the time of and after the initial purchase.Elements of a Marketing Plan* Establishing Market Objectives* Identifying Target Market Total Market Approach one type of product with little or no variation aimed at everyone through one distribution system. Market Segmentation approach the market is subdivided into groups of people who share certain characteristics.* Developing Marketing Strategies (examining elements of the 4 Ps)* Implementation, Monitoring and Controlling Financial Forecasting measures the sales potential and revenue forecasts (benefits) for strategies and compares these with anticipated costs. Comparing actual and planned results1. Sales analysis comparing of actual sales with forecast sales to determine the effectiveness of the marketing strategy2. Market share analysis/Ratios by comparing competitions market share to their own this can reveal changes in total sales (increase or decrease)3. Marketing Cost Analysis marketer breaks down the total marketing cost into specific marketing activities to access the effectiveness of each activity.Market Research ProcessMarket research is the process of systematically collecting, recording and analysing information concerning a specific marketing problem.The three steps of the market research process are1. Determining information needs2. Collecting data from primary and secondary sources3. Data analysis and interpretation -the data that represents average, typical or deviations from typical patterns. The data must be then displayed in way which statistics and figures can be conducted e.g spreadsheetsCustomer and Buyer BehaviourCustomers are classified into two categories Consumer the process of purchasing goods and services for personal household use. Organisational the purchase of goods and services by producers, resellers and government.Types of Customers Household Personal personal and household spending plays a dominant role within the economy as it contributes to the level of economic activity which affects business profits, unemployment levels, interest rates levels and rate of inflation. The Firms market consists of businesses that purchase goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process. Educational institutes Government Customers Governments spend billions of dollars each year for a wide variety of goods and services ranging from battleships to paperclips. All purchases of the government spend public funds to buy products, the government is accountable to the public, requiring a much more formalised set of buying procedures where firms submit quotes to supply a particular good or service and the lowest bid is generally accepted.* The Buying ProcessThe buying process involves 5 common stepsRecognise the problem need or want requiring satisfactionSearch for i nfo brands, product characteristics, warranty, price etcEvaluate alternatives cost and benefit analysisPurchaseEvaluate after purchase stability of product, satisfaction gained or dissatisfaction may occur.* Factors influencing Customer Choice Psychological influences e.g perception, motive, attitude and personality Socio-cultural influences e.g family, friends, social class, culture and subculture. Economic Influences -A boom is a period of low employment and rising income. Contraction is a period of slowly rising unemployment with incomes stabilising. Recession sees unemployment reach high levels and incomes fall dramatically. Expansion means unemployment levels start to fall slowly and incomes begin to rise. Government Influences government will put into place policies that expand or contract the level of economic activity. These policies directly or indirectly influence business activity and customers spending habits and such will influence the marketing plan.Developing Ma rket Strategies* Pricing StrategiesPrice Skimming charging the highest price possible for innovative productsPricing Penetration charges to lowest price possible for a product or service to achieve large market shareLoss-leader selling a product below its cost price to attract customersPrice Lining a limited number of key prices for selected product lines e.g one line of watches for $35 and a more expensive line at $55* Pricing MethodsCost-plus margin the total cost of production then adds on amount for profit (mark-up)Market set prices according to the level of supply and demand, when demand is high prices are highCompetition based a business chooses a price based on competition, either below, equal to or above* Marketing segmentation and productMass marketing or a total marketing approach This includes basic food items, water, gas, electricity etc.Concentrated Market Approach -By using the concentrated market approach the business is able to analyse its customer base more closely and design strategies to satisfy this select groups needs, and develop particular products based on customer feedback.Product Differentiation is the process of developing and promoting differences between the businesses products and those of its competitors. e.g jeans with designer labels and washing detergent with brightener additives* Place/Distribution Channels of Distribution or marketing channels are routes taken to get the product from the factory to the customer. The process usually involves a number of intermediaries such as wholesalers, brokers, agents or retailers. To choose the channel of distribution the location is the main contributor of the business market or market coverage (number of outlets a firm chooses for it product). There are three ways a business can cover a market Intensive distribution when a business saturates the market with their product e.g milk, lollies and newspapersSelective Distribution businesses use a moderate proportion of possible ou tlets where customers are prepared to travel e.g clothing, furnitureExclusive Distribution only one retail, outlet in a large geographical area for exclusive and expensive products. Physical DistributionTransportWarehousing involves receiving, storing and dispatching goods.Inventory controlled through a system that maintains quantities and varieties of products appropriate for the target market. Effects on Distribution1. Technology2. Local Government Approving new development applications and alteration to existing premises Fire regulations Determining land zoning and the purpose for which a building and land can be used Parking regulations Health regulations Size, shape and location of business signsEthical and legal AspectsEnvironmentally responsible productsMaterialism an individuals desire to constantly acquire possessionsImpact of retail development -intensely competitive environment may result in some retailers using questionable marketing practicesSugging Selling Under G uise of a survey,Role of Consumer LawDeceptive and misleadingPrice- DiscriminationImplied Conditions or termsMerchandise quality meaning that the product is of a standard a reasonable person would expect for the priceFitness of purpose meaning that the product is suitable for the purpose for which is being sold. That is, it will perform as the instructions or advertisement impliesWarrantiesResale Price MaintenanceLegislations to respond to ethical and legal aspects of marketingThe Trade Practice Act 1974 is one of the most important pieces of legislation in Australia and has two purposes1. To protect consumers from misleading and deceptive conduct2. Restrictive trade practices to restrict competition as well as ensuring that a number of businesses are operation at any one time in the same market, to avoid the problem of monopolistic power.Fair Trade Act (FTA) is a mirrors legislation that covers sole traders and partnership as well as companiesImplied conditions in both Acts Merchan table quality worth the money Fit for purpose does its jobs.HSC Topic Four Employment RelationsCase StudyManaging the ER functionLine Management* ALDI Supermarkets* Individual store managers are expected to solve all instore problems there is no area manager or specialist ER departmentKey influences on ERSocial Inf

Has Labour Abandoned Its Socialist Principles Politics Essay

Has take Abandoned Its societalist Principles Politics Essay umpteen consider mod aim to be operating under a deceptive title due to the fact that the party has abandoned so many of the principles usanceally associated with Labour policies. The foundation of the long-established brotherlyist principles, which formed the prat of oldish Labour policies, was clause IV of the 1918 Labour constitution. Common will government agency of the means of production, distribution and exchange was the single socialist slogan which underpinned the ethos of old Labour equality. Historically the party was broadly in favour of communism as set out in Clause Four of the legitimate party constitution and advocated socialist policies such as public willpower of key industries, government intervention in the deli real, redistribution of wealth, increased matures for workers, the welfare state, publicly-funded healthcare and education. Beginning in the late-1980s under the leadership of Neil Kinnock, and subsequently that of John smith and Tony Blair however the party moved away from socialist positions, adopting free food market policies, leading many observers to describe the Labour Party as Social Democratic or Third Way rather than democratic socialist. Blairism has been viewed as a continuation of traditional social democracy, concealed by ameliorate marketing and a modernized image.After 1918 the Party traditionally presented its policies as socialist, emphasizing the importance of a large state-controlled sector of the frugality, relatively high levels of taxation, and comprehensive state-organized welfare provision. In office, the 1945-50 government of Clement Attlee is widely credited with successful radical domesticate which epitomized much of this progressive agenda. The Attlee organization created a mixed economy through the nationalization of a morsel of strategic industries and public utilities, as well as Keynesian ideas of frugal management. A welfare state was established involving a commitment to liberal employment, universal social security, free universal state-funded health care and capacious state-funded social housing. Attlee as well as laid down a foreign and disaffirmation policy based on NATO, bi subsequentlyal cooperation with the United States, and the development of nuclear weapons. Such approaches set the framework for government for the next twenty to cardinal years.The general picture, however, was that Labour governments were haunted by caution and failure. The inter-war minority governments lacked semipolitical power and were heavily influenced by the desire to show that they were fit to govern. Critics of the 1945 Attlee brass highlight that actually it should have gone a lot come along in nationalization and in introducing greater industrial democracy. Post-war governments comm just were unavailing to develop state intervention as they were beset by economical crises. Both the 1945-50 and 19 66-70 Labour governments were forced to devalue the pound. The Labour governments 1974-9 presided over the shock-waves from the inunct crisis following the Arab-Israeli war and domestic industrial relations problems. Inflation come up to over 25 per cent and unemployment to over 1 million. Labour was forced to seek a loan from the International Monetary Fund in 1976, and left government 1979 tarnished by the image of the winter of discontent, 1978-9, when Britain was hit by a wave of strikes. Labours common experience was to enter office with humongous plans and high expectations, only to retreat a few years later overwhelmed by events.Labours rude(a) leader, Michael Foot, belonged to the hard left wing of the party. He was non seen as a moderniser. Labour remained committed to a mixed economy and nuclear disarming. Four top Labour Party figures, left to right Bill Rodgers, Shirley Williams, Roy Jenkins and David Owen quit the Labour Party in 1981 to form the new centre party the Social Democratic Party or SDP. twenty dollar bill eight other Labour MPs also joined. The 1983 election was a disaster for Labour. Mrs Thatcher, buoyed up by her victory in the Falklands War of 1982, won a landslide victory with a 143 seat majority (compare this with a 178 majority for Blair in 1997). After the election, Neil Kinnock took over the leadership with a relegation to modernise the party and make Labour electable again.He ditched the policy of nuclear disarmament and made it clear that Mrs Thatchers anti-strike laws would not be reversed.The Blair rude(a) Labour cypher was shaped by the partys experience of eighteen frustrating years in opposition, during which time profound changes in the UK were brought about by the Thatcher and Major governments. Labour found itself having to adjust to, even accommo watch Thatcherism, following four resultant general election defeats. The party was also angered by what it proverb as the deleterious effects of Conservative ru le, in terms of rig inequality and deepening social division. The process of Labour party modernisation that began with Neil Kinnock in 1983 was driven by electoral imperatives that became stronger with each subsequent defeat.As revised Clause 4 indicated, Labour had come to accept that the economy should be regulated by the market and not by the state. Blairism whence built on Thatcherism and did not try to reverse it. This particularly employ in relation to the core elements of economic Thatcherism- privatization, compact power, taxation and degulation. beyond this, the first Blair government granted semi-independence to the Bank of England in the setting of stakes rates.A major distinction between Old Labour and raw(a) Labour was the latters en gum olibanumiasm for clearing the constitution. During Blairs first government, 1997-2001, a bold series of organic reforms were introduced. These reflected a liberal desire to strengthen checks and balances by fragmenting governmen t power and to bolster individual rights. However, many have argued that Labours conversion to constitutional liberalism was only partial. For example, plans to consider alternatives to the Westminster voting system were quickly dropped and enthusiasm for constitutional reform declined aft(prenominal) 2001.Blairs approach to welfare was different from both the Thatcherite emphasis on standing on your own two feet and the social-democratic belief in place of birth to grave support. This was reflected in unprecedented increases in health and education after 1999, the wider use of targeted benefits (as opposed to universal benefits), an emphasis on the idea of welfare-to-work and attempts to reform the public services. Blairs belief in welfare was based on what has been called social entrepreneurialism, the idea that the public services should be more market-orientated and consumer responsive. usual-private partnerships, such as private finance initiatives (PFIs), were also more wid ely used to, for example, install schools and hospitals.A key Blairite belief has been the idea that rights should always be equilibrize against responsibilities. In this sense, Blairism was influenced communitarianism. The desire to strengthen social duty and moral responsibilities was reflected in the so-called respect agenda, under which new public order laws were introduced (introducing ASBOs), the prison house population rose steeply and a series of new anti-terrorism laws were passed. This also led to allegations that New Labour had endangered a range of decisive civil liberties.Labours historical core vote (industrial working class union members) has also been shrinking since 1970s. The unions helped create the Labour Party. Blair has cast aside tradition in the quest for votes. Traditional blue collar union social rank has declined since 1970s, whilst professional white collar unions have grown. Labour right away compulsory to attract more funding from rich donors. This has often led to accusations of corruption. Public perception of unions in 1980s was negative. Union activity seen as unpeaceful by many. In 1997 it was revealed that Bernie Ecclestone had loaned Labour 1m. It was believed that he had done so to plug that a future Labour government would not ban tobacco sponsorship of Formula 1 racing. In 2002, Indian brand tycoon, Lakshmi Mittal gave Labour 125,000, it was thought, in return for Tony Blairs help in buying a Romanian steel company. From 2005-07 a criminal investigation probes whether 14m of loans to Labour were given by pissed businessmen in return for peerages (seats in the House of Lords)Even now there is huge dis parallelism over where Labour stands ideologically, despite the force per unit area of both Blair and Brown that the emphasis has always been upon the restoration of traditional Labour values of fairness, justice and social inclusion. There had been an earlier attempt to update Labours ideology while in opposition in the 1950s, which had focused very heavily upon the need to bring about greater equality of expiry through the tax and benefit system.In conclusion, there is little agreement over the extent to, and even the ways in which Labour has changed. New Labour could be seen as bringing socialism up to date the values havent changed (social justice, equality of opportunity, community, partnership, rights) instead, its policies acknowledge that society has changed. New Labour is thus in the tradition of democratic socialism, but with a much minify stress on unions, public ownership, state provision, and even redistribution. Alternatively New Labour could be seen as a radical transformation, from democratic socialism to social democracy.

Developing Inclusive Education Systems

Developing Inclusive Education SystemsWhat does inclusion mean? former(a) puerility inclusion makes up values, policies and practices that support the rights of infant and four-year-old children and their family no matter their ability. They will take in part in a mannikin of activities and context as full members of families, the community, and the society. (AEC/NAEYC, 2009). This is when students that confirm special needs argon included in normal education. Inclusion is more than a military position in regular classes in school. It is world a part in life and participating using your abilities in day to day activities as a member of the residential district. It is being a part of everyone else and being received and embraced as someone who belongs. It cigarette be a church, school, playground, workplace, and in recreation. (INC., 1995-2009). The three key factors you should look at are access which is providing a big variety of assureing opportunities such as activities, settings, and environments which defines high-quality early childhood inclusion. The second is participation which is children that need extra individualization accommodations and supports to participate in play and acquirement activities with adults and their peers. The third is Supports which is a base of systems-level supports must be in place to stand the efforts of people and organizations providing inclusive services to kids and families. (Carolina, 2010). The benefits of inclusive education are they build individual strengths and gifts and they have high however appropriate expectations for each child. They act along the childs individual goals while they take part in the liveliness of the classroom with children their accept age. The parents are confused in the childs education and in their activities at school. The school nurtures a grow of respect and belonging. The inclusive education provides them an opportunity to learn about and read an individual difference, th is will diminish the impact of the child being bullied and harassed. They learn to develop friendships with a big variety of children, and each child has their own individual needs and abilities. It has a positive influence on twain the school and community and they learn to appreciate diversity and inclusion on a bigger level. (BC, 2012-2017). There are more benefits for students with disabilities such as the form friendships, increase their social and behavior skills, Role models for their academics, they increase achievement on their IEP goals, and bigger opportunities for interactions with other children. The benefits of children that dont have a disability is fashioning a meaningful relationship, they have more of an appreciation and they accept children with differences, they have an increased understanding and acceptance of diversity, and they respect all people. http//www.uvm.edu/There is no research that will show any negative effects from the inclusion that is done righ t to the support and services for the children to participate and achieve IEP goals. (INC., 1995-2009). The resources that instructors can utilize to see about higher-quality preschool inclusion is https//www2.ed.gov/, primaeval Learning Inclusion, the form _or_ system of government of Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Early Childhood Programs and is jointly released by the segment of Education and Health and human Resource. It was released on September 14. 2015 it says that all young kids that have disabilities need access to include high-quality early childhood programs where they allege individualized and appropriate support in satisfying high expectations of the child. The insurance statement sets high expectations for high-quality inclusion in the early childhood programs. It shows the effectual and research for inclusion, shows the challenges to accept the inclusive practices, it recommends state and local programs and providers for inclusive learning opportunit ies for children, Free resources for state and local programs, and providers and families that have developed to support children with disabilities in the high-quality education programs. Another resource is http//www.nectac.org/ It tells you what to look for in a high-quality education., http//npdci.fpg.unc.edu/ Practices of high-quality inclusion that promote access, Participation, and support.ReferencesAEC/NAEYC. (2009). A joint position statement of the DEC? NAEYC. Early Childhood Inclusion, 1-16.BC, I. (2012-2017). Benefits of Inclusive Education. Imclusion BC, 1.Carolina, T. u. (2010). Quality Indicators of Inclusive Early Childhood Programs/ Practices. chapel service hill NECTAC.INC., K. t. (1995-2009). What is Inclusion. What is Inclusion, 1.

The Disadvantages Of Baby Sitting Children And Young People Essay

The Disadvantages Of cocker trail term Children And Young People EssayBaby muck up spoilsitters raft purge in age, inclineing to be in their pre-teens/teens, ages 11-19, yet it is not queer for students in their 20s to take on bodge seated as a underemployed crinkle. The grapheme of work for sitters in addition varies, from watching a sleeping thwart bird, to variationing games, preparing meals, t each(prenominal)ing the minor to aim, or even driving (if the age is veracious), depending on the agreed upon verges and de marginined by p arntal permission.In whatsoever countries non-homogeneous organizations produce courses for babysitters, mainly focusing on kid sentry go and start aid appropriate for infants and small fryren. These classes or courses mass be provided at local hospitals and roughlytimes even schools. These classes buns equip the babysitter with training to grasp both the child, or children, and sitter safe in various health and weath er scenarios.edit U.S.In the United States, the circumstances that babysitters face plunder spay quickly. The Ameri deal fierce bollix is currently the closely prevalent form of certification its curriculum leads from sleeping to emergencies to encouraging five-year-old entrepreneurship. It has been statistically sh cause that p bents be much than relaxed with a certified babysitter. 1edit Word HistoryThe term baby sitter first base appe argond in 1937 the verb form baby-sit is first put down in 1947.2 The Ameri dissolve Heritage College Dictionary notes One normally would expect the divisor noun babysitter with its -er suffix to come from the verb baby-sit, as piston comes from dive, but in fact babysitter is first recorded in 1937, ten years earlier than the first appearance of baby-sit. Thus the verb was derived from the agent noun rather than the other way around, and represents a good example of back-formation.3 The engross of the word sit to abbreviate to refer to a babysitter is recorded from 1800citation filled. The term whitethorn render originated from the action of the dole break throughtaker sitting on the baby in one room, while the p argonnts were entertaining or busy in another.edit International variations in definitionIn British English the term refers only to caring for a child for a few hours, on an informal basis and commonly in the evening when the child is asleep(predicate) for most of the time.citation needed In Ameri lowlife English the term bottom of the inning accept caring for a child for the whole or most of the twenty-four hour period, and on a regular or more formal basis, which would be describe as childminding in British English.In the United States, the term is sometimes used when one parent is at home and the other, who would normally be present, is not.In India a babysitter or nanny is spangn as an ayah or aya, a person hired on a eternal term contract basis to look after a child regardless of the presence of the parents.The Disadvantages of Baby-SittingBaby-sitting is a way to shake up some surplus money in a short time period, but disadvantages are present, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as hours, behavior of children and irregular schedule. This is not a trustworthy way to earn income because you are at the mercy of families needing a broody hen.On-Demand SittingBaby-sitters are needed sporadically. There is no regular schedule and are often called upon last minute. The jobs squirt occur once and and so never once again. It all depends on whether the employer ever inescapably a baby-sitter again and if he was happy with your work with his children.Uneducated in Child deal show upA person who is in need of a baby-sitter whitethorn require the sitter to have certain type of experience and certifications, such as CPR, originally hiring a baby-sitter. However, typically, baby-sitters do not have an command in child sustenance or several years of experience. This t ype of person is usually doing it to have got a few extra dollars.HoursThe hours of a baby-sitting job could be at any time during the daytime. If a baby-sitter limits the hours of her availability, the amount of work is decreased. Also, a baby-sitter exact to be demonst yard believe for long night hours. Most baby-sitters are needed to watch children at night while the parents take in a movie, dinner or attend a work event.Behavior of ChildrenThe children that a baby-sitter tends to whitethorn appear have angel- kindred characteristics in front of his parents, but things may switch when a sitter is alone with the child. The children may have foul language, tantrums if they dont get what they indirect request or display meanness because the parents left them with a sitter.What are the advantages of babysitters?One of the advantages of using a babysitter is that your baby or child will be one of a small group, and the babysitter can therefore offer plenty of individualis tic attention. whatever babysitters take care of children from several families, and usually have mixed age groups, which closely mirrors family lifespan. This may suffice your child learn to have comfortable around fourth-year and younger children. It to a fault makes it easier to care for all the children in a family, from babies to school age children. Often, babysitters look after children from babyhood by means of to secondary school, broad them a long sense of security and continuity. many another(prenominal) parents same this family-friendly interaction, and sometimes what starts out as a baby sitting arrangement becomes a unattackable friendship that lasts for years.Taking your child to a babysitter can be the next out strip thing to your own home. If youre lucky enough to see to it a good babysitter close by, so a good deal the mend your child will feel even more at home.From a practical viewpoint, babysitters can often be more tractile close pick-up and dro p-off times. This extra flexibility may mean that you dont have to arise back-up care as often and is collapseicularly useful if you work shifts. However, like all childcare arrangements, it is most-valuable not to take advantage, otherwise you may find that you have to start your childcare search all everyplace again.What are the disadvantages?If your babysitter becomes ill or takes a holiday, you may be stumped for back-up childcare. Make accepted you pray your babysitter how she deals with situations like this.Some parents relate that the babysitters children will get more attention than their own, which puts them off the arrangement. Even the surmount babysitters still have to meet the needs of their own families and the other children that they are caring for. However, all aspects of day-to-day life can offer study opportunities, and good babysitters will en certain(p) that the children in their care are on a regular basis engaged in new activities and experiences.Maki ng a decisionIn common with most childcare choices, there are pros and cons for you to weigh up. only depending on your own perspective, what one person might see as a disadvantage (such as fitting into the babysitters daily office), might be viewed as an advantage by another (lots of learning opportunities in a family environment). The best decision for you will be based on what feels right in your individual circumstances.Baby-Sitting Duties SalaryFor a great many people, baby-sitting is the first hired work experience in life. Non-professional baby sitters usually range between the ages of 15 and 22. For young people, baby-sitting is usually great non-family related flexible employment that can continue all the way through college. Baby sitters have two duties to keep the children safe and to provide them with comfort. The drifts, however, part by location and circumstance.SafetyThe No. 1 and most basic of baby-sitter duties is to make trusted that the kids are safe that no physical combat injury has occurred to them on your watch. Accidents can happen, but it is the sitters debt instrument to know where the child is at all times. If there are multiple children, it is also the sitters commerce to make true that they do not harm each other. Knowing the dangers in a house, especially for the first time can be difficult. It is primal to go over all the safety details with the parents before they bring home the bacon you. Where are all the doors? atomic number 18 they locked? Do the drawers and kitchen cabinets lock? Are the electrical outlets justly covered? and so on. The best way to keep a child safe is to keep them in your attention at all times. Young children should be followed and monitored closely, older children can have a little more privacy if they desire. If you essential drive make sure you have proper car seats. You must also need to know what to do in the display case of emergency where the first aid is, how to do CPR and where to call for help.CareAlong with safety, a baby sitters duty is to provide the children with their basic needs. Usually you will have to feed them, vat them, change serviettes or help them with the toilet. The basic needs of children depend on their age an infant will require full attention at all times even when sleeping.Entertainment and ComfortAside from what a baby sitter has a to do, there are things a babysitter should do. Many children are uneasy about seeing their parents leave, as such a baby sitter needs to comfort them by reassure the child that their parents will return soon and in the meantime you are going to have a lot of fun together. Children love it when adults play with them ask to see their favorite toy, or watch their favorite movie, read them a book, play outside if there is a yard, or if the parents accept it, drive to a park or bakery for the afternoon. Baby sitting is made all the more easy when the children like and enjoy the troupe of their baby sitter. Re ally good baby sitters can become intimately part of the family in some cases.Salary RatesThe wages for a baby sitter variegate drastically depending on the circumstances. The come baby-sitting rate in the United States is between $8 and $10 per hour. Though the average seems low, it is higher than the minimum wage in many states. There are, however, variables. Some inexperienced sitters may earn as low as $5 per hour, or on the extreme opposite experienced sitters in blotto neighborhoods can earn between $15 and $18 per hour. Usually babysitters can set their own rate depending on the situation infants should generally jibe $1 to $2 more to your standard rate, and each additional child added should add $1 as well. If you provide yourself with your own transportation then consider adding between 50 cents and $1 to your salary. baby sitting Older ChildrenBabysitting older children generally takes less work than taking care of toddlers or infants. Whereas babies need constant nur ture and attention, older children can tend for themselves in a lot of areas. However, there still remains a medium share of work to be done when baby sitting older children. Depending on the circumstance, you may be responsible for tasks like driving them to sports practices, helping them with homework, readying them meals, and making sure their lights are out at bedtime.Often your baby sitting responsibilities will be based on everything from your age to the precise needs of the children. Before beginning to babysit for older children, be sure to inquire as to exactly what the parents expect your responsibilities to be. It can also be helpful to reserve a babysitting checklist from the parents that will guide you with helpful instructions and reminders. balancing Babysitter ResponsibilitiesTaking care of children is rarely an easy task, and handling your responsibilities as a babysitter can sometimes be difficult. For example, if you are babysitting threesome or more childr en, or if one or more has special needs, the job can seem overwhelming. That is why it is important to properly balance your babysitting responsibilities so you do not exhaust yourself whole by the end of the evening. Babysitting is work, but it should also be enjoyable. Heres what you can do to keep your babysitter duties balanced deal the parents to explain their expectations for your babysitting services and derive a clear picture of your specific responsibilities for each child.Obtain a babysitting checklist from the parents, which will help you keep cold shoulder of important information and requirements for each child.If you feel like too much responsibility is organism put on you, speak up and key out the parents in a polite manner. Some parents do not regard what a handful their children can be, let alone all the tasks they fatality you to perform for them or around the house. Letting them know that you are being overwhelmed will cause them to realize they need to give their children more responsibilities of their own or, in some cases, to hire an additional babysitter to help you out.How to engagement a Babysitting ChecklistBabysitting checklists are given to child care providers by parents to give specific instructions, and touching information in case of emergencies.These checklists are important to obtain and utilize as a babysitter because they will detail how your responsibilities should be carried out.That way, if an issue arises, you will have the information that you need to deal with it. Some items that should be accommodated include where the parents can be reached, the number of someone to call if you cannot get in contact with the parents, the childs doctor and insurance information, and a signed emergency treatment supply for the child.With this information, you will be prepared for anything that might happen while you are babysitting. Once you are given a babysitting checklist, be sure to keep it with you in a pocket or purse at all times. Read its contents thoroughly before the parents leave, and scan through it several times during the day or evening so that you witness all of your responsibilities are done properly.Managing Babysitter ResponsibilitiesManaging babysitter responsibilities is one of the most important tasks involved in child care. When you agree to provide babysitting for someones children, it is imperative that you empathize what your responsibilities are and how you should carry them out. Babysitter responsibilities can vary from job to job. Just as children differ, so will the ways in which they need to be taken care of.In order to have a solid understanding of the responsibilities a parent will want you to uphold, you should first discuss exactly what will be involved in babysitting for them. If they are not upfront with explaining the specific responsibilities for the job, be sure to inquire about them. Some babysitting jobs will simply inquire watching and playing with the childre n. Others will include more extensive responsibilities like driving, cooking, c suspension system diapers, cleaning and doing light housework.It is also helpful to obtain a babysitter checklist from the parents. This checklist will contain, among other things, information that will direct your specific responsibilities, such as how much TV the children are allowed to watch, how to right them, and what they can or cannot eat. These instructions will help you understand how to carry out each of your responsibilities so you are not left guessing on your own. With clearly defined expectations and a babysitter checklist from the parents, you will be on your way to managing babysitter responsibilities like an expert.Responsibilities for Babysitting Young ChildrenBabysitting young children brings its own set of unique responsibilities. While older children can tend for themselves in a lot of areas, infants and toddlers require constant nurture and attention. Babies must be fed often and, as a result, their diapers must be changed on a frequent basis.Infants tend to spit up and toddlers make messes wherever they go, so you can expect to spend a profound amount of time cleaning up after them. Infants will also need to be held and comforted often. Young children require naps at certain times, usually specified by the parents, and it is important to make sure they get the rest they need. Most young children cry a lot and it is important to know how to trade such situations when they arise. In order to be richly prepared for babysitting young children, take a class on the subject and speak with parents who have experience. Also, be sure to ask the parents of babies you are considering taking care of what responsibilities they would expect you to have.Responsibilities of a BabysitterBabysitter responsibilities vary widely from job to job depending on the age of the children, their specific needs and the particular requirements set by the parents. For younger children, responsibilities may include diaper changes, feeding, and holding on the other hand, babysitting older children may involve driving them to soccer practice or helping them with their homework.While some children are nearly self-sufficient, all will have certain needs. This could include anything from fixing them a snack to helping them with a physical disability. stack that may surround the job, such as the parents going away on business or the children wanting to take a trip to the museum, may require you to take on heavier responsibilities such as staying overnight or driving.Specific expectations of the parents will also con what you will have to do as a babysitter. For example, some parents want their children in bed at a certain time. In this case, you need to make sure that they change into pajamas and brush their teeth before that time comes. The best way to determine the responsibilities you will have as a babysitter is ask parents directly. nanny-goat Vs. Baby-sittingIn-h ome child care from a professional nanny or an individual doing simple baby-sitting duties offers a parent great flexibility and control with schedules, compared with day care. Though it may be more costly than day care, a nanny or baby sitter may be the best way to care for children. Ages of the children, the hours needed for care and additional expectations determine if a parent needs just a baby-sitter or a professional nanny.Parent ExpectationsA baby sitter is usually called when the need arises, or she may have regularly scheduled hours to care for children. Typically, the job of a baby sitter is to ensure the safety and comfort of a child while the parents are away for a few hours. A nanny usually is more involved with children for a major part of the day on a regular basis. The Nanny Network website says the responsibility of a nanny is to partner with the parents to help raise their charges to be responsible, able young men and women.ExperienceA baby sitter may be a respon sible teen or a trusted adult living in the neighborhood. Teenagers and adults who are serious about workings(a) as baby sitters receive training and certification from the American Red Cross. Professional nannies have experience thats backed up with written references, whether theyre working independently or for an agency.Household DutiesHousehold duties are negotiated with each a baby sitter or nanny for additional pay. In either situation, care of the children is considered a priority over chores. Younger children require great levels of care than school-age children, so expectations about extra duties like laundry and kitchen kill must be reasonable.Child EducationBoth the baby sitter and the nanny can be anticipate to read and play with children or help school-age children with homework. A nanny will take a greater interest in teaching children and may serve as a tutor. Since the goal of the nanny is to raise children to become responsible adults, she will also educate ch ildren in manners, etiquette and how to care for themselves.Child DisciplineMerriam-Webster offers three definitions for discipline instruction, self-control and punishment. A nanny is involved in all three areas of discipline for the training of children, which may include corporal punishment at the parents discretion. Typically, a baby sitter is less involved in the childs life and merely informs the parents about the childs behavior.Rate of PayAs of July 2010, the hourly rank for baby sitting average $8 to $12 an hour, but can be as little as $4 or more than $18 an hour, according to the Babysitting-Rates website. A number of factors affect the costs of hiring child care providers. Some of the variables are the number of children, the experience of the provider and expected household duties.In the Los Angeles area, Mirtas Domestic Agency reports salaries from $250 to $500 for a five-day week for live-in nannies working up to 60 hours, or live-out positions for up to 40 hours pe r week. Nannies usually receive one-week paid vacation after a year, plus six-spot paid holidays, Mirtas says.How to Describe Baby-sitting ResponsibilitiesAlthough all baby sitters share basic responsibilities, such as caring for children, providing entertaining activities and attending to the needs of the children, different parents and families may have their own expectations of their baby sitters. Help your baby sitter understand what your expectations are and what her responsibilities will be when watching your children by clearly describing her duties. By clearly defining the baby sitters role for the person you hire, you will help both yourself, your children and your baby sitter have the best experience possible. instruction manual1Schedule a meet and greet with your baby sitter before her first day caring for your children. After giving the baby sitter time to introduce herself to your children, communicate with her about her role as a baby sitter. Discuss simple things suc h as rate of pay, bedtime routines and television policies first.2Communicate with your baby sitter about tasks that you feel she should complete as a part of her job responsibilities. For example, some parents favour the baby sitter to make lunches and dinners for the children, while other parents prepare meals before leaving. Let her know whether its OK to take your children for outings to the park, an ice cream break or on bike rides.3Develop a baby-sitting checklist that your baby sitter can refer to when you are gone, especially if you have a lot of rules and responsibilities for her to abide by. Remember that getting used to another familys routine may be overwhelming at first, so developing a checklist for your baby sitter of tasks to accomplish while youre gone can be a huge help.4Remind your children about the rules of the house and ask them to remind your baby sitter if any of the rules are broken. For example, make sure that your children understand that they are not to watch television while the baby sitter is over if that is your rule. Ask them to remind her if she turns on the television out of habit.How to Find a Babysitter JobBabysitting is a great first job for teenagers. Babysitting is a flexible job that can fit around any schedule involving school work, extracurricular activities, and weekends. with babysitting, you can learn patience, how to be a responsible role model, and how to handle money. To find a job, show parents of young children that you have the skills and commitment needed to babysitInstructions1Create a resume. Include any babysitting experience you have had as well as the hours you are available. Ask parents if you can use them as references, and ask them for letters of recommendation that charge your strengths as a babysitter.2Ask for referrals. omen family and friends for referrals of parents who are in need of a babysitter, or use a local referral program. Many states have free babysitter referral programs that scree n families and teens to find the best fit. Call your local chamber of commerce to find a referral program in your area.3Take a CPR course. The American Red Cross provides training classes for all ages. Ask adults in your class if they need a babysitter or if they have any referrals, and hand out your resume. Parents are more likely to hire you when they know you are certified in CPR.4Post fliers around your community in grocery stores, churches, businesses and day care centers. Cut seven to 10 strips on the bottom of your fliers that parents can easy tear off and take with them. On each strip write your name, telephone number, and that youre a babysitter. Get the managers approval before hanging up any fliers in a business.5Use the Internet. advertise your babysitting services on your blogs and community pages to tell your friends and their friends you are tone for a job.

Beliefs of filipino women: Traditional feminine gender

Beliefs of filipino wo manpower Traditional womanish genderA 2 (US women vs. Philippine women) X 2 (daughters vs. mothers) ANOVA matched group design with the OKelly Women Beliefs denture (2010) hemorrhoid as the dependent variable was conducted to study unreasoning opinions near tralatitious feminine gender strategy from a wise emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) perspective (Ellis, 1956) in a sample of Philippine women surviving in the US. Results indicated operative main effect for cross- cultural differences among the two racial groups, save no fundamental main effect was arrange for generational differences among the groups. A Post-hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) performed on the four gunman master scores of the OWBS withal showed significant differences in Demand with Philippine women scoring high than their US counterparts, and scores of both groups in Awfulizing, Negative Self-talk/Rating, and Low frustration valuation reserve (LFT) were not significant ly different.Keywords Filipino women, irrational beliefs, gender schema, keen-witted affectional Behavior Therapy, OKelly Women Beliefs ScaleIrrational Beliefs about Traditional effeminate Gender Schema of Filipino Women Living in the United StatesThis study evaluates the cross-cultural and intergenerational differences among Filipino women and US women living in the United States in regard to their beliefs about the conventional feminine sex role development the OKelly Women Beliefs Scale (2010). Several factors of acculturation giganticly affect the international migration, economic globalization, and political conflicts that a derail in the creation of multicultural societies (Enrile Agbayani, 2007), that studies regarding this matter argon essential in understanding it in a deeper sense.There is a great quantity of literature regarding feminine topics written within the conceptual scheme of the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT (Wolfe, 1985 Wolfe Naimark, 1991). The founding practician of REBT, Albert Ellis, developed this form of psychotherapy to assist his clients in the reconstruction of how they discriminate their distress by asserting the importance of taking it on with a much philosophical outlook. When Ellis changed Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) to its cede name of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), he acknowledged the possible odds in using the term rational as ideas concerning it whitethorn vary cross ways gardenings (Ellis, 1999). Ellis always emphasized the importance of taking his clients cultural background into context when analyzing their stancepoint and positioning towards life. It has been considered that the development of the Womens Belief Scale coincide with the criteria exposit by Locksley and Colten (1979), who highlight that the use of a term within a questionnaire involves self-evaluations and supposes comparisons of itself that were not present like in Bem Sex Role bloodline (BSRI Bem, 1974) in th e developmental fulfil of the items this allows a significant effect of meters on the representation of the feminine gender that provides a distinct point of view of what behaviors argon appropriate for females.The view of womanhoods proper place being in the home fulfilling their domesticity, motherhood and pleasing their husbands, isolated from the public world of men did not always dominate the Western conclusion (OKelly, 1980). It was not until the rise of capitalism when independent businessmen could afford to support their dependent wives and children unplowed within the confines of a private home, that this view of womens roles started to greatly mould the modern Western destination (OKelly, 1980). By the eighteenth century, these roles sporadically ranch to the little affluent classes and eventually became the Western angel for women (OKelly, 1980).In the new-fangled years, with the divine service of the libber movement, dramatic changes in the Western affable r oles pass judgment from women are continuously taking place. Feminists insist that those customary views of womens roles immensely limit point and restrain them from taking their places as full adults in the troupe (OKelly, 1980). However, less developed countries continue to get to strict views on the roles of the women in their federation and they in slope to entertain their cultural beliefs regarding this matter. There are hardly e genuinely studies done to reckon the influence and effects of these societal roles placed on women from less developed countries, like the Philippines, in their response to acculturation and attitude towards life.The OKelly Womens Belief Scale was developed within the scheme of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT, reflecting the process of beliefs about Demand, Awfulizing, Global Rating, Low frustration Tolerance (LFT) and Negative Self Rating. To develop this scale, 2,562 questionnaires were sent to women that worked in great companies. With the data obtained of 974 questionnaires, the OKelly subscales were developed Demand, Awful, Low Frustration Tolerance (LFT) and Rating, which are irrational nuclear conclusions or beliefs previously mentioned. Each of these scales has internal consistency. The test-retest reliability and lustiness have been established by the results of a sample that consisted of 285 women, wherein 37 also completed The OKelly Womens Belief Scale a month later.In the measurement of the irrational thought from an REBT perspective, previous studies (Lega Ellis, 2001 Kumar, Lega, Bladiwalla, 2007) indicate cross cultural and generational differences in the samples of regular army, Latin America, Europe and India.Filipino Americans are one of the hot growing minority groups in the United States as they are the bite largest Asian American heathenal group, and the second largest number of immigrants to the United States (Ong Loksze, 2003). fresh studies signify that acculturation, changes in attitude or values that result from the bear upon of one stopping point with another (Berry, 1997), may have something to do with attitudes towards women (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). consort to Berry (1997), there are four acculturation st ramblegies separation, marginalization, integration, and assimilation. Separation refers to favoring ones received acculturation and refraining from interacting with the host culture, whereas marginalization is when one does not actively maintain either his stimulate original culture or the host culture (Choi Thomas, 2007). On the other hand, integration refers to favoring ones possess culture while at the same time interacting with the host culture, and assimilation is when one abandons his original culture in favor of the host culture (Choi Thomas, 2007).The international relationship betwixt United States and the Philippines has a rich and unique history that has made the Filipinos very wellhead familiar to the American culture that even allowed them to easily put one across the English wrangle, educational institutions, democratic belief system, and faith in the American Dream (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Most Filipino immigrants arrive in the United States with a vast knowledge about the local culture and the English language (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Filipino women living in the US, mostly as immigrants, savour to hold to their host countrys cultural values while striving to preserve their own at the same time. Like other various(prenominal)s from imp all overished nations, especially those who have spent most of their lives in their native countries, Filipinos are also well aware of how difficult it can be to live in a country of limited opportunities like the Philippines. However, like other immigrant groups, they also valuate the United States as a land of significant economic prospect but simultaneously denounce it as a country inhabit by corrupt and individualistic people of questionable morals (Es piritu, 2001).Parents of prime(prenominal) generation Filipino children enforce high expectations especially on their daughters. Espiritus interviews declare oneself that there is an idealized notion of womanhood based on traditional Filipino values and beliefs (Espiritu, 2001). This idealized notion of womanhood is for a woman to think of her family ( corporate vs. individual values), to gain good education (in order to help better the family), remain chaste, dutiful, and obedient (Agbayani-Siewert, 1994). Older children, girls in particular, are judge to care for their younger siblings and perform household duties even at an early on age (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Past studies bring up that while the older female is presumptuousness more responsibilities, privileges are made easily accessible usually to males in the family. Most Filipino women, who participated in late(prenominal) studies, also reported that their parents case-hardened them more strictly while growing up as compared to their brothers (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). As they grow older, Filipino women are expected to display characteristics of a mare Clara, or the proper, marriage-minded, Filipino Catholic woman with good morals (West, 1992). This sort representation of an ideal Filipino woman continues to exist in the present time. Filipino women were taught and encouraged to be publicly submissive so that it testament appear that men are the ones in control (Cimmarusti, 1996). Almirol (1982), a detective who performed a qualitative study on Filipino American upgrade laborers from Salinas, California, found that a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) value was placed on males over females and that women were discouraged to display power in public. Scholars have shown that the Maria Clara separate is not only used by certain Filipino feminist nationalist, but also by first generation Filipino immigrants (Ignacio, 2000). antecedent researchers show that despite the high cultural expectations e nforced on Filipino children by their parents, they appear to have easily assimilated into the American society as the Filipino population in the US has a high rate of college graduates, and most of these graduates are immigrants from the Philippines (Enrile Agbayani, 2007).Different perspectives suggest the existence of change and differences in attitudes and interests from one generation to the other, as well as in the cross-cultural factor. This study was conducted in the USA wherein Filipino daughters and mothers, and their counterparts used The OKelly Women Beliefs Scale examine the differences in gender roles and the ethno-cultural scheme.MethodParticipantsTwo matched groups fit to age of daughters (from 17-25 yrs. of age) vs. their mothers (45 75 yrs. of age) and culture of origin (70 Filipino vs. 70 USA) living in the USA participated in the study.InstrumentThe OKelly Women Beliefs Scale (OKelly, 2010) was used. The scale consists of 92 items in which the histrion indica ted the degree of agreement or disagreement using a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). This is divided into four subscales Demand, Awfulizing, Low Frustration Tolerance and Negative Self Rating.ProcedureThe participants completed the questionnaires individually and anonymously. It took approximately 45 minutes to complete. Participants were also advised to refrain from answering the questionnaire with their mother/daughter.ResultsA 2-way ANOVA (culture and generation) with total OWBS scores as the dependent variable showed a significant main effect for Culture, F(1, 140) = 37.681, p .05)Posthoc (LSD) comparisons between Filipino and US women for all four subscale scores of the OWBS showed significant differences, with Filipino women scoring higher than US women in Demand F(1, 140) = 5.265, p .05). No significant results were found for Generation, or for the interaction between Culture x Generation (p.05) watchwordAs one of the fastest growing groups of Asian im migrants, Filipino immigrants are purposely trying to extend part and to develop a official attitude towards acculturating to the host culture, at least to some extent. However, it is understandable that the process of acculturation have a distinct influence in the immigrants standstill and attitude towards life.The results suggest that the overall total scores of US-Filipino compared to US women were higher than the latter. Recent studies might suggest that acculturation may play a part in Filipino womens irrational beliefs about themselves. A quondam(prenominal) study on acculturation by Phinney and Flores (2002), affirms that the two dimensions of the phenomenon (mainstream adaptation and ethnic retention) can be independent and have different influences to its outcomes. The results of their study showed that the bicultural (integrated) individual is more likely to be involved in mainstream American society as well as to apparent sex role attitudes near similar to that of th e mainstream, and yet manage to retain their own racial social networks and native language. Later generations of immigrants are also expected to be more prone to changes associated with both dimensions of acculturation that is, they typically retain less of their ethnic culture and tend to be more accepting of the host culture than earlier generations (Phinney Flores, 2002). On the other hand, the present study showed no significant effect for generational differences (mother vs. daughter) in either culture (US-Filipino or US women). It was expected that Filipino women would score higher than their US counterparts because of societal expectations and traditional gender schema on women. Filipino women are expected to manifest certain characteristics such as capability of building a family, course the household and responsibility for taking care of others collect before her own to name a few. Some researchers propose that immigrants do not but yield their old or native values for new ones, but rather select, and modify to adapt to the new environment (Choi Thomas, 2007 Buriel, 1993 Mendoza, 1989). Although most Filipino immigrants eventually become accustomed to their new environment, they also retain their traditional cultural traits, beliefs, values, and mores which may result to a conflict in their belief system and a higher level of irrational belief. However, when it comes to Generation, the non-significant differences between Filipino daughters and mothers may be found in that the cultural expectation of both generations (Filipino mothers vs. Filipino daughters) has rooted its ideals from our past generations belief as a incarnate community as opposed to individualistic values. It is an integral characteristic of the ideal Filipino family to have children who highly adhere to the familys values and principles and to behave according to these passed on standards. Daughters are taught to greatly queer the same positive qualities that their mothers ex hibit and this practice have a substantial influence on the non-significant differences in the point of view of both generations.In terms of posthoc comparisons, where individual sub scale scores were obtained for Demand, Awfulizing, Negative Self Talk and LFT, a significant effect was only found on Demand of Filipino women vs. US women. This suggests that Filipino women experience higher emotional stress than their US counterparts. archetypal generation immigrants, as they are called, sometimes experience acculturation and cultural pressure to adapt. Cultural adaptation to the host country may suggest conflict with the traditional culture of the heritage country while parents try to raise their children on both cultures. Prior researches show that Filipino immigrants tend to lose their traditional customs and values as they acculturate to ways of life in the United States (Del Prado Church, 2010). Being torn between adhering to their ultraconservative cultural values and the abi lity to access the opportunities of their contemporary American culture can create stress and conflict (Napholz Mo, 2010). The Socio-cultural differences that include the Asian collective culture versus the American individual culture, extended versus dominant nuclear family lifestyle, isolative American lifestyle, womens roles, communication styles, and child-rearing practices have a vast impact on the Filipino immigrant womens self-esteem and sense of control over their lives (Napholz Mo, 2010). As Filipino women become more acculturated to their host countrys cultural values, factors such as their origins, psychosocial and economic stress, as well as their compliance to traditional cultural values may have an influence in the nature and quality of their present lives (McBride, Morioka-Douglas, Yeo, 1996). gamey scores on each subscale according to the OKelly Women Belief Scales or OWBS (OKelly, 2010) suggest that Filipino women have higher irrational beliefs on the traditiona l feminine gender role as their culture may have manifested on them over the years.The Demand subscale (element at which people reveal their musts and shoulds) suggests that Filipino women need to reach certain expectations according to their culture. A high score in this subscale suggests that Filipino women, compared to US women strive more to reach expectations set frontwards by their society as a result from a collectivized point of view. Almost every society has prescribed roles that women and men are expected to satisfy, however the strictness of these standards vary across cultural societies. In the Filipino culture, individuals that belong to the society are expected to respect and align to the rules of the society as exactly as possible. Deviating from the accepted norms and social roles brings forrad unforgiving criticisms not just from the society at large, but by ones own immediate family as well. A traditional Filipino family is not usually inclined to being toleran t to issues and practices foreign to them, as they conceive that everyone should behave according to what is widely accepted. Thus, the process of acculturating to a new culture that has some aspects that conflict with the Filipino culture can be very perplexing and stressful to Filipino women striving to develop positive attitudes toward the process. An manikin question from this subscale was I must have a child to be fulfilled Filipinos are expected to be capable of building a family and both generations (mother vs. daughter) must reach this expectation as their society and past generations expects them to. This idealized notion of womanhood is for a woman to think of her family (collective vs. individual) (Agbayani-Siewert, 1994) as mentioned came from most of the Oriental cultures belief of collectivism vs. individualism.In short, the expectation that Filipino women would score higher than their US counterparts because of societal expectations and traditional gender schema on women was confirmed.