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137 Pre-College Summer Programs for High School Students SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Summer programs give secondary school understudies chances to investigate their scholarly advantages and sparkle new interests. They additionally permit secondary school understudies to experience school life and meet otherstudents from everywhere throughout the world. In this article, I'll give a rundown of 137 collegesthroughout the United States that host summer programs for secondary school understudies. Besides, I'll give you data about what pre-school summer programs resemble and how you can choose the correct program for you. What Is a Pre-College Summer Program? A pre-school summer program offers secondary school understudies the chance to take classes at a school and experience school life throughout the late spring. Most projects extend from one to seven weeks in length. You can take programs that attention on various assorted subjects, such aswriting, initiative, business enterprise, and building. Many summer programs offer both private and worker choices. Understudies can remain in residences with their friends or drive from home on the off chance that they live near grounds. What's more, in addition to the fact that students are ready to take classes from school teachers or visiting researchers, yet they’re likewise ready to tune in to addresses from graduated class and take an interest in social exercises. Numerous particular private universities, includingStanford,Harvard, andColumbia, offer pre-school summer programs for secondary school understudies. Some pre-school summer programs are open enlistment (anybody can join in), while others require affirmation through an application procedure. The particular projects ordinarily require instructor proposals, application expositions, and government sanctioned grades. Check a particular program's site for its confirmation prerequisites. While these projects can be fun and instructive, the greater part of them are costly. There are some free projects and numerous projects that offer money related guide for qualified understudies, however summer programs regularly cost a great many dollars. Pictures of Money/Flickr How Could I Create This List of College Summer Programs for High School Students? To make the accompanying rundown of summer programs for secondary school understudies, I depended on data from Summer Program Finder, which finds different summer programs. I looked into the projects in every area of the nation and recorded the universities that host programs. Notwithstanding the recorded projects, there are summer programs for secondary school understudies that are not housed at universities. Since programs are continually advancing, note that there may be programs at schools that aren't recorded underneath. All things considered, you can alwayslook at a particular school's site to see whether it offers summer programs for secondary school understudies. Need to manufacture the most ideal school application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best confirmations counseling administration. We join world-class affirmations advisors with our information driven, exclusive confirmations methodologies. We've supervised a large number of understudies get into their top decision schools, from state universities to the Ivy League. We realize what sorts of understudies schools need to concede. We need to get you admitted to your fantasy schools. Become familiar with PrepScholar Admissions to boost your opportunity of getting in. Rundown of Summer Programs The following is a broad rundown of summer programs at 137 US colleges,organized in order by state. Alabama School Area College of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL Arizona School Area Arizona State University Tempe, AZ California School Area California College of the Arts Oakland, CA Loyola Marymount University Los Angeles, CA Middlebury Institute of International Studies Monterey Monterey, CA Stanford University Stanford, CA UC Berkeley Berkeley, CA UC Davis Davis, CA UCLA Los Angeles, CA UCSB Santa Clause Barbara, CA UCSD La Jolla, CA UCSF San Francisco, CA USC Los Angeles, CA Colorado School Area Johnson Wales University Denver, CO US Air Force Academy Colorado Springs, CO Connecticut School Area US Coast Guard Academy New London, CT Yale University New Haven, CT Delaware School Area Delaware State University Dover, DE Region of Columbia School Area American University Washington, DC The Catholic University of America Washington, DC The George Washington University Washington, DC Georgetown University Washington, DC Florida School Area Johnson Wales University North Miami, FL College of Miami Coral Gables, FL Georgia School Area Emory University Atlanta, GA Georgia Tech Atlanta, GA Savannah College of Art and Design Savannah, GA Illinois School Area Northwestern University Evanston, IL College of Chicago Chicago, IL College of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL Indiana School Area Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington, IN Purdue University West Lafayette, IN Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Terre Haute, IN College of Notre Dame South Bend, IN Kentucky School Area Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, KY Maine School Area Colby College Waterville, ME College of New England Biddeford, ME Maryland School Area Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD Maryland Institute College of Art Baltimore, MD College of Maryland School Park, MD US Naval Academy Annapolis, MD Massachusetts School Area Babson College Babson Park, MA Bentley University Waltham, MA Berklee College of Music Boston, MA Boston University Boston, MA Brandeis University Waltham, MA Emerson College Boston, MA Hampshire College Amherst, MA Harvard University Cambridge, MA MIT Cambridge, MA Smith College Northampton, MA Springfield College Springfield, MA Tufts University Medford, MA Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA Michigan School Area Michigan State University East Lansing, MI College of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Minnesota School Area Carleton College Northfield, MN Missouri School Area Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO New Hampshire School Area Dartmouth College Hanover, NH New Jersey School Area Caldwell University Caldwell, NJ Century University Parsippany, NJ The College of New Jersey Ewing, NJ Drew University Madison, NJ Fairleigh Dickinson University Teaneck, NJ Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ Princeton University Princeton, NJ Ramapo College Mahwah, NJ Rider University Lawrence Township, NJ Rowan University Glassboro, NJ Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ New York School Area Adelphi University Nursery City, NY Alfred University Alfred, NY Barnard College New York, NY City College of New York New York, NY Columbia University New York, NY Cornell University Ithaca, NY Ithaca College Ithaca, NY Marist College Poughkeepsie, NY Benevolence College Dobbs Ferry, NY New York Institute of Technology New York, NY NYU New York, NY Parsons The New School of Design New York, NY Pratt Institute Brooklyn, NY Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, NY The Rockefeller University New York, NY Sarah Lawrence College Bronxville, NY School of Visual Arts New York, NY Skidmore College Saratoga Springs, NY Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY SUNY Fashion Institute of Technology New York, NY SUNY Oneonta Oneonta, NY Syracuse University Syracuse, NY Association College Schenectady, NY College at Buffalo Wild ox, NY College of Rochester Rochester, NY US Military Academy (West Point) West Point, NY Vassar College Poughkeepsie, NY North Carolina School Area Duke University Durham, NC Johnson Wales University Charlotte, NC UNC Chapel Hill House of prayer Hill, NC UNC Greensboro Greensboro, NC Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC Ohio School Area Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH Columbus College of Art and Design Columbus, OH The Ohio State University Columbus, OH Oregon School Area Lewis Clark College Portland, OR Pennsylvania School Area Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA Drexel University Philadelphia, PA Gettysburg College Gettysburg, PA Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA Penn State Berks Perusing, PA Penn State New Kensington New Kensington, PA Penn State University Park State College, PA Penn State York York, PA Susquehanna University Selinsgrove, PA College of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Rhode Island School Area Earthy colored University Fortune, RI Bryant University Smithfield, RI Johnson Wales University Fortune, RI South Carolina School Area Clemson University Clemson, SC South Dakota School Area South Dakota School of Mines Technology Fast City, SD Tennessee School Area Sewanee: The U

The Day They Burned the Books free essay sample

Rhys was associated with three distinct relationships and started composing after a close to deadly fetus removal. She started to keep in touch with a portion of her most prominent pieces in the wake of moving in with English essayist Ford Madox Ford who likewise persuaded her to change her name to Jean Rhys. She kicked the bucket May 14, 1979 with a to some degree despondent perspective. English author Ford Madox Ford was one of the principal scholars to find Jean Rhys’s abstract essentialness. He applauded her for â€Å"singular sense for form,† and furthermore saw that the way that she was a pariah gave her an exceptional perspective. Jean Rhys was consistently the longshot and the greater part of her experience appeared through in her accounts. Her commitment to English writing originated from her youth. She indicated what she had experienced experiencing childhood in the West Indies, and the things she had seen. She at that point depicted these specific things all through a few of her accounts. We will compose a custom article test on The Day They Burned the Books or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Her accounts reflect pariahs who return with a feeling of strength and freedom. Despite the things she had seen and experienced she despite everything ended up as the winner. Jean Rhys’s short story â€Å"The Day They Burned the Books,† is set in the Dominican Republic in the 1900’s not long before the world war one. Financial occasions were taking a stab at during this time and amazingly hard on the individuals who lived there. The storyteller appears to play the job of Jean Rhys as a youthful, innocent kid who is encountering everything direct. This story appears to reflect Rhys’s life quite well. The various subjects comprised of prejudice, unpleasantness of adoration, self-acknowledgment, and some more. Bigotry was a major topic that showed precisely how Rhys grew up. Self-Acceptance was likewise a significant topic. Rhys was rarely acknowledged and was known as the outsider. She was condemned for the manner in which she talked which is appeared in her composition. She intentionally includes linguistic mistakes to show that the storyteller was a little youngster. The story additionally shows a miserable marriage and the detest that can shape between two individuals. I accept that Rhys is just indicating an understanding of her adolescence and the things she needed to see as a youngster experiencing childhood in the West Indies. Subsequent to investigating Jean Rhys’s I became exceptionally attached to her and her composition. It takes a ton to be disparaged as a kid and made into an untouchable, and to snap once more from that and make a big deal about yourself. Her entire life she was told she was continually accomplishing something incorrectly, she saw types of bigotry that we today aren’t utilized too any longer. At the point when instructors advised her and her folks she couldn’t talk legitimate English she pivoted and through it back in their face. I love the feeling of intensity she acquires her works. It’s her method of indicating the world in spite of what everybody said she made it, and turned into a significant piece of scholarly history. The manner in which she adds syntactic blunders to her composing is her method of making a joke of what her educators advised her. She was simply the pariah that made something. In a meeting she had instantly before her demise she offered the remark that in the event that she could return and pick whether to be glad or compose, she would decide to be upbeat. It makes you wonder if the main explanation she began to composing was to demonstrate to everybody and herself that she was sufficient. Whichever way I accept that Jean Rhys and her short stories are amazing and god enough.

Doing research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doing - Research Paper Example An individual appraisal of my aptitudes and information shows that despite the fact that I have some degree of ability to get the thought through, there stays a significant part of my examination that should be improved. This is on the grounds that the need to approach this exploration and complete it as per the necessary goals request an interrelated degree of abilities and information that are tied around a self engaged inspiration to get an issue of concern, researched to the last mentioned. There will in this way be extra abilities in relational connection, relational abilities, just as information assortment and taking care of aptitudes to guarantee that the task is done to its obvious end result. I additionally need to redo my insight in marine wellbeing as a rule and vessel yard security in explicit. Without a general comprehension of marine wellbeing and pontoon yard security to be explicit, chipping away at this exploration zone will resemble treating stomach throb by setting a mortar on the belly. This is on the grounds that the center or profundity of the issue won't be reached. Most occasions, individuals working in the marine territory have been distinguished to have their own quirks and profundities of issues that effect and subvert their wellbeing, security and general prosperity. It is just when a specialist has a satisfactory degree of information on these that the best types of mediations can be recognized for them. As a major aspect of getting some answers concerning vessel yard security, explicit parts of learning, for example, reasons for chance, chance variables, impacts of hazard, and answers for marine dangers should all be thought of. The first thought of the exploration will be changed essentially in this new task. It would be noticed that the first thought laid accentuation on worker and manager discussion. Undoubtedly, there is one significant insufficiency that may block its practicality. This is the nonappearance of demonstrate of

Serial Killers Essays - Murder, Psychopathy, Crime, Serial Killer

Sequential Killers Essays - Murder, Psychopathy, Crime, Serial Killer Sequential Killers I didnt need to hurt them, I just needed to slaughter them. This is a statement from David Berkowitz, A.K.A., the Son of Sam. David Berkowitz and the entirety of the other sequential executioners tend to think in remarkable manners. This paper will converse with you about qualities, thought processes, various stages, furthermore, the connection among's conduct and animosity. Sequential executioners like every other person have certain attributes that set them apart. To be considered a bonafied sequential executioner you should kill at any rate three to four individuals with a chilling period between each murder. These killings are normally one on one and are redundant, happening with more prominent or lesser recurrence after some time (Characteristics of Serial Murder). Sequential executioners normally dont have an association with the person in question and they only very seldom have a balanced thought process. The sequential executioner likes to kill individuals in a similar example, for the most part with a high level of pointless excess. This level of needless excess sets them a section from various sequential executioners. Sequential killers additionally have various thought processes in their killings. One of the most self-evident is that they go to killing for a feeling of intensity (Forwood). For this feeling of intensity they normally assault social orders most vulnerable individuals and those more fragile than themselves (Forwood). This incorporates the destitute, debilitated, and typically the youthful of both genders. At the point when they execute the destitute and weakened they are normally following up on the Missionary Motive. This is the point at which they feel that it is their duty to free society of its undesirable occupants. There are additionally Visionary executioners which are generally trained to murder by the voices that are in their mind (schizophrenia). The last kind of these thought processes is the Hedonist. They murder since it presents to them the delight to do as such. This gathering is isolated into three sub-classifications which are desire executioners, thrill executioners and addition executioners. Desire executioners murder for sexual delight. They are normally explicitly immature and they murder for sexual delight. Rush executioners slaughter individuals since it presents to them a surge. These sorts of pleasure seekers for the most part slaughter significantly more since they are dependent on this surge. Increase executioners consistently murder individuals for some kind of increase. This is normally cash however it can likewise be something like work advancement. Another purpose of a Serial Killer is that their brain is continually experiencing one of their seven stages. The first of these stages is the Aura Phase. This is where the executioner wanders off in fantasy land about death and obliteration. Sooner or later these unhinged dreams generally have the inclination to be followed up on. This leads into the second stage which is the Trolling Phase. In the Trolling Phase the sequential executioner attempts to locate the ideal casualty for their requirements. They normally tend to glance in school yards or darlings paths or even shady areas of town. This may continue for quite a long time days what's more, once in a while even months, until the ideal casualty will be found . This will start the Wooing Stage. Sequential executioners typically act exceptionally carefree to get their casualties to confide in them. After the Wooing Stage comes the Capture Stage. This is the place the executioner uncovers what he is. He may draw you into his vehicle where theres no entryway handle for you to get out. This is stunningly a good time for them and is remembered for their wiped out vicious game. At that point comes the peak, the Murder Stage. They may just choose to kill you, yet once in a while, they will choose to torment you to death, attempt to restore you on the edge of death to torment you more (Scott). The 6th stage is the Totem Stage. This stage is where the executioner will take a journal of you. It may incorporate your adornments or garments or even a bit of your body. After this, comes the seventh and last stage which is Depression. There is incredible passionate let down for the executioner. They may even turn out to be so discouraged as to endeavor self destruction. However, at some point or another they will begin wandering off in fantasy land more and this entire cycle will keep rehashing itself until the executioner is either gotten or passes on (Characteristics of Serial Murder). There is additionally some relationship among's conduct and hostility in sequential executioners. This implies that as a kid, sequential executioners experience a similar youth troubles. Almost all sequential executioners have experienced one of the Terrible Triad. The Terrible Triad incorporates bedwetting, vicious maltreatment of creatures and arsonist tendencies. Numerous sequential executioners as

Suitability for purpose Research Paper Example

Reasonableness for reason Research Paper Example Reasonableness for reason Paper Reasonableness for reason Paper 1. Reasonableness for reason: It was met as it will be clearly understandable by the client. The principle subject of the site is based around the earth and such is appeared by the topic/house-style utilized. The motivation behind my site was to make others progressively mindful of ecological issues and this was secured unmistakably and connected to from the Equipment page for each bit of reusing equipment.Another reason for the site is to permit the individuals who don't effectively possess any of those bits of gear to effortlessly get it this was locked in with the watcher by utilizing an alternate, bigger text dimension which, when tapped on, will interface the client to an outside site. The last reason for the site is to make adolescents mindful of worldwide issues and how these can be soothed. This reason for existing was effectively conveyed by the utilization of basic words, pictures and a movement, helping understand.2. Reasonableness for crowd: The feasible crowd of the site is various. A portion of those might be arbitrarily perusing to check whether there is anything is intriguing, others might need to discover more on the most proficient method to utilize their reusing gear, others need help in requesting this hardware and, at long last, a crowd of people may even be youngsters.Needs for each unique gathering is given; those perusing around can utilize the route bar to rapidly scan for what they may discover fascinating, those needing to discover how utilize their gear only need to peruse to the following where they can pick their necessary gear the requesting join is likewise given there. Youths needing to get to the ecological segment just need to click once on Recycling and the Environment catch of the route bar.3. Intelligibility: Font size has been changed in accordance with fit the understanding environment and reason for the content. The primary heading, Recycle GB, has been embedded into the ace page so as to get regular on the various pages . Sub-headings have additionally been kept around a similar size, except for when there is an excess of content, ensure the biological system recycle.Text shading has likewise been utilized with the expectation of fitting into an autonomous topic. Red content, utilized on the primary page, speaks to desperation and subsequently is utilized to incite clients that if there are any issues, they could email the client assistance group. Blue content is utilized coolly to present/clarify content; it is the standard text style shading utilized for this site. Dark content is utilized for formal issues, for example, the structure and in tables which present information.Arial MT Bold is utilized for the primary heading as it looks more easy to use than, state, Times New Roman, yet as yet being norm; it is likewise simple to peruse for certain individuals who need all the more review help (availability). Arial Narrow is utilized for typical content as it appears to be unique, littler than most different text styles (subsequently progressively adaptable when extended to fit a case) and looks increasingly formal when isn't bold.Language utilized all through the site is straightforward moderate. There are very few portrayals, those are supplanted with content tables, pictures and activitys to help simpler comprehension, relate intrigue and bolster the ease of use, which clients can remark on in the form.4. Ease of use: Navigation is predictable all through all pages. Forward and Backward fastens are executed into each page as per whether they are required or not. They connect a page to another page, in need/sequential request. For instance, the Homepage joins clients to the Equipment page, where they can either click every individual hotspot to their ideal area or could only snap Next until they arrive. For the individuals who are not enthused about persevering clicking can utilize the route bar. On the off chance that an individual needed to, state, go to The Black Bin pag e without heading off to the Equipment page and clicking can drift over Equipment on the route bar, featuring The Black Bin and clicking. The route parts are obviously estimated for clients to see and perceive. Featuring of hyperlinks is consequently used to help clients for clicking there. The structure is spread out with the goal that clients can undoubtedly get it and extra data is given in sections: 1=Bad 10=Fantastic. Content to help the client is given to guarantee they comprehend the segments around the site, The table on the correct shows to you more specifically5. Openness: As exhibited in AO2 Evidence, by screen captures, I could make an alternate ace page with differentiating hues and bigger estimated textual styles so as to make the pages perceptible for those with availability issues for instance I have utilized a dark, white and yellow subject, both the white and yellow diverge from the dark to make it simpler. Tables have additionally been utilized to sort out all com ponents reliably at a reasonable size, for instance in the hotspot on the Equipment page.ALT labels have likewise been added to most pictures so as to help the individuals who can't see pictures, either because of availability or moderate speed associations, to at least read what the image is displaying.Strengths:* When picking this task title, I had a thorough thought of what how I was to design my site, arrange it and what to embed in each page this is strengthened by my webpage plan* Implementing most parts, which were utilized on the site, from past units, precisely; Roll-over catches and the route bar from Unit 21, the publicizing movement from Unit 20, and different aptitudes from Unit 1 (chiefly through the Publisher task)* Good at finding suitable pictures of good quality and size utilizing fitting pursuit functions* I have given each errand of the venture proper timings, expanding on and connecting from past strides (for instance I have deliberately organized Task 2, embedd ings the segments into the site, to follow-on to Task 3, embeddings the hyperlinks)* Before embeddings the segments into the site, I have arranged altogether where they will go, what will be said (in content) and the purposes behind such choices* From visiting web sites so a lot, I had a firm thought regarding whether my site was really appearing as though one or something different, similar to a Newsletter, for example* From past training assignments/instructional exercises, I had related knowledge with the website composition programming utilized, WebPlus 10, preceding endeavor the assignment.Weaknesses:* Some pages do look as though they have been surged as they don't contain much activity* Viewers may not comprehend why diverse text style hues, other than green, similar to blue, have been utilized when it doesn't fit the general house-style. I could have made these irregularities more decipherable.* Using tables for a portion of the parts didn't fit in well as various pictures w ere of various sizes. This frequently over-crushed pictures, contorting general readability.* There was some squandered space which I couldnt adequately fill in with more segments. This ought to urge me to design with more noteworthy exactness next time.* More intuitiveness could have been applied to the site by the utilization of video and additionally foundation sound* User-structure could have been connected to in more manners to empower client criticism.

Fun Biology Topics to Do an Essay On

Fun Biology Topics to Do an Essay OnWhen you are in college, it is not unusual for some of your friends to suggest fun biology topics to do an essay on. As a result, you will have no shortage of topics to choose from in the future. One good thing about the topic of the essay is that it is something that is interesting and educational, without being overly complicated or difficult.A topic that people always seem to find interesting is evolution. There are many things to say about this subject, but one of the things that are mentioned over again is the idea that we have evolved as a species through natural selection.Another subject that has been covered so many times is cell division. The process of dividing cells is called mitosis. Mitosis is essential for each new generation, but not everyone knows that this process also helps produce sperm. This is another area where you will want to make sure that you discuss the basics of the topic.Remember that you will be writing an essay for a class and that there is a large chunk of time that you will spend explaining yourself. This means that you need to ensure that the topic is interesting and that you present your point clearly. You will want to consider all the factors that go into this area before you set out to write an essay.You should never feel like you have to use the topic that you chose as a subject for the assignment. In fact, if you find a topic that is interesting, consider it, but make sure that you choose a topic that is appropriate for the course. Some students write essays on topics that they find offensive or controversial, while others will choose topics that are more politically correct.The topic of a science course is not always something that is taught in all the classes in the course. If you can find a class that will be teaching the topic, by all means, take the class and choose the topic that they teach. Also, you should see how you do with topics that are more traditional in nature.Even if you do not know of a good topic for the course, you can always create one yourself. One option that you may want to consider is to do a research paper using a method such as a Google Docs homework assignment. All you need to do is get some materials and write down your ideas, and then give it to your teacher to see if they think it could be something worth doing.These types of important research papers are often accepted because they are interesting and informative. In fact, many students have discovered that they get some very interesting feedback from their teachers when they offer up these types of essays. If you want to add some fun to your next essay, consider some fun biology topics to do an essay on.

Essay Shooting An Elephant - Free Essay Example

In the essay Shooting an Elephant,George Orwell uses plenty of imagery to show a specific scene to the reader. He goes into full detail during the shooting to evoke his senses and emotions at the time of the event. This is shown to the audience when describing the natives and the gruesome deaths of the Dravidian coolie and the elephant. Orwell claims to be all for the Burmese and all against the British and his ideas are truly apparent in his descriptions of the wretched prisoners huddling in the stinking cages of the lockupswho had been Bogged with bamboos, who are portrayed as victims of harsh British rule. The prisoners had been dealt with like animals and were stored restrained in small cramped rooms inside the maximum inhumane situations. Revealing the dirty work of the British empire by operating as a police officer, Orwell encounters the brutalities of the empire up near. After coming across an old womanviolently shooing away a crowd of naked children, he witnesses a dead body sprawling in the mud. The imagery used to explain the corpse graphically paints a gloomy portrait: his face had scored a trench a foot deep and a couple of yards long. He was lying on his belly with arms crucified and head sharply twisted to one side. His face was coated with mud, the eyes wide open, the teeth bared and grinning with an expression of unendurable agony. At the moment that the narrator looks back on the crowd of natives behind him, he depicts the people as a sea of yellow faces, hungry for action and excitement. The image of a rumbling sea, tossing and turning with excitement, creates a sense of power behind the fa? §ade of the once helpless natives. Even though Orwell did not want to kill the tranquil creature he knew that it was the only thing he could do to not look like a fool in front of the natives. This shows that he was being forced to do something he wasnt really able to do on his own. Orwell feels this power as a firm force pressuring him to shoot the elephant. Orwell paints a picture for the reader so vivid that one feels as if they are prone on the hillside. After firing two more rounds he goes on to say that was the shot that did for him. You could see the agony of it jolt his whole body and knock the last remnant of strength from his legsHe trumpeted, for the first and only time. And then down he came, his belly towards me, with a crash that seemed to shake the ground where I lay. After firing his two remaining rounds into the elephants chest, thick blood welled out of him like red velvetthe tortured breathing continued without a pause. He compared the blood to red velvet, he presents a visual and richly textured picture that sticks out from the opposite language and efficiently increases the gravity of the death. He describes these horrible events with such detail that the reader is guaranteed that they are forever burned into Orwells mind. Orwell uses the imagery in this essay to move the readers senses and obtains feelings of sympathy for not only the elephant but Orwell himself. Ultimately, this essay helps as an extended metaphor for his feelings towards the British imperialist regime. His hatred for the empire under which he serves and mixed feelings towards the Burman people is obvious throughout the body of work.

Quotations for an 18th Birthday

When you turn 18, you become an adult in many ways. In the U.S., you can vote, enlist in the armed forces, marry without parental consent, and be held accountable for your own actions in a court of law. At the same time, however, youre still a teenager and, very likely, still relying on your parents for both moral and financial support. And in the U.S., unlike many countries, youre still too young to drink alcohol legally. Some famous thinkers, writers, actors, and comedians have had a lot to say about turning 18. Some think its the perfect time of life; others have a very different point of view! The famous comedian Erma Bombeck felt it was an ideal time for parent liberation: I take a very practical view of raising children. I put a sign in each of their rooms: Checkout Time is 18 years. What Happens When You Turn 18 While no one instantly becomes responsible or wealthy at age 18, you are suddenly handed the tools to make financial and personal decisions. At the same time, parents lose the right to make decisions on your behalf unless you hand those rights over. For example: Parents can no longer make health decisions for you unless you sign a document assigning them those rights.Parents cant stop you from or force you to make legal decisions or agreements. That means you can just go off and get married, lease an apartment, or join the military on your own.You can sign waivers for doing dangerous activities such as skydiving or bungee jumping without your parents approval.You can run for many political offices.You can legally drink alcohol in many countries including Canada and France. At the same time that you gain all those freedoms, though, you also lack the experience and knowledge you might need to make the right decisions. Is it really a good idea to move out of your parents home before you have a job, for example? Many people do leave home at age 18; some handle the change well, but others have a hard time managing on their own. 18 Is the Perfect Age Some famous people see (or saw) age 18 as the perfect age. Youre old enough to do what you want to do and young enough to enjoy it! Youre also at a good age for having dreams for your future. Here are a few great quotes about the freedom and idealism connected with age 18. John Entwistle: I mean, eighteen years old is the age of consent in Europe and you can go anywhere and do anything you like. In America, it is dumb. At eighteen you should be able to do anything that you like, except get married. Selena Gomez: ...at the end of the day, Im eighteen, and Im going to fall in love. Mark Twain: Life would be infinitely happier if we could only be born at the age of eighty and gradually approach eighteen. Bryan Adams, from the song 18 Till I Die: Someday Ill be 18 goin on 55! / 18 til I die. 18 Is the Age of Confusion Writers and musicians look back at their 18th year and remember feeling confused and unsure about who they were and how they should move forward. Some, like Albert Einstein, saw 18 as the year when people believe theyre adults even though they arent. Alice Cooper, from the song Im 18: I got a babys brain and an old mans heart/Took eighteen years to get this far/Dont always know what Im talkin about/Feels like Im livin in the middle of doubt/Cause Im/Eighteen/I get confused every day/Eighteen/I just dont know what to say/Eighteen/I gotta get away. Albert Einstein: Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen. Jim Bishop: Nobody understands anyone 18, including those who are 18. 18 Is the Age of Dreamers When youre 18, you feel empowered, and you know your whole life is yet to be lived. Later, you may have a different opinion! Gracie May: When I turned 18, the whole world was ahead of me. When I turned 19, it felt like my whole world was behind me. F. Scott Fitzgerald: At eighteen our convictions are hills from which we look; at forty-five they are caves in which we hide. Liv Tyler: I cried on my 18th birthday. I thought 17 was such a nice age. Youre young enough to get away with things, but youre old enough, too. Eric Clapton, from the song Early in the Morning: When a girl  reaches  the age of 18/She begins to think shes grown​/And thats the kind of little girl/You can never find at home.

Academic Honesty in Principle and in Practice - 1596 Words

Academic Honesty: In Principle and in Practice [Your Name Here] Axia College University of Phoenix [Instructor Name Here] September 28, 2008 Abstract The focus of this discussion is on the importance of maintaining academy honesty, which is a requirement of all students of Axia College of University of Phoenix. Each student is responsible for the way they conduct themselves while attending the University of Phoenix. Realizing that a part of being honest is to make sure that all your assignments are in my own words and all of the thoughts and ideas of the works belong to me is critical. If I am going to use another person s work or words I must respect that person by giving them credit for their work. Morals are a very†¦show more content†¦Academic honesty is an achievement of strong values with the ability to set goals for yourself and the knowledge that you made a fair and honest attempt to achieve those goals. Students are expected to be honest and ethical in their academic work and have a working understanding of what constitutes academic dishonesty. It is important that we familiarize ourselves with the vario us forms academic honesty comes in so that we will be able to build and maintain our integrity as students (Shropshire, 1997). Academic dishonesty is not worth being dismissed from college. I have come too far and too close to mess this up now, and risk not being able to attend college here or anywhere else. In fact, I know that succeeding in life is very important and the skills and knowledge that I am gaining from the University of Phoenix instructors and staff to succeed after college revolve around letting my mind work independently: by being dishonest I forfeit all of these skills. In contrast, I also know that by maintaining academic honesty I will have to keep thinking at all times about what I am presenting to my instructors which will only benefit me in the long run. I also realize how important and meaningful it is to me to feel that I am trusted and trustworthy. One of the university s goals is for its students to strive in the pursuit of excellence. Honesty is part of th e path which elevates us to learning, and leads us to higher and higher achievements. Goals achievedShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Importance of Academic Integrity1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe resources you â€Å"borrowed† or quoted from the original author?   Will anyone know if you submit a friend’s research paper?   No one can see you taking an online test from your living room – should that change how you take a test?   Who is hurt by academic dishonesty? Who cares if you steal test answers, falsify experimental data, cheat on an exam, or download information from a web site and turn it in as your own work? To take an easy example, would you want to be operated on by a doctor who cheatedRead MoreAcademic Integrity 141289 Words   |  6 Pagesand importance of ‘Academic Integrity’ in assignment completed by undergraduate students. Introduction On a research paper, how much information can you â€Å"borrow† with or without citing the original author?   How do you cite the resources you â€Å"borrowed† or quoted from the original author?   Will anyone know if you submit a friend’s research paper?   No one can see you taking an online test from your living room – should that change how you take a test?   Who is hurt by academic dishonesty? Who caresRead MoreThe Ethics Of Academic Integrity1225 Words   |  5 PagesAcademic integrity continues to be an important issue of public concern especially in higher education institutions. There are countless articles that report students cheating on examinations, plagiarizing written assignments, and collaborating with others when such behavior is prohibited. Conversely, there are reports of viable honor systems that have been implemented in schools that make such unethical behavior less pervasive. Both of these extremes, beg the question whether an honor code, suchRead MoreThe Code Of Ethical Conduct1243 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneral principles that provide a basis for their observance. These general principles should be followed so as to ensure an ethical research is attained. One of them is that the researchers should not have been forced into the research. They should be undertaking it free from undue pressure. This principle, otherwise r eferred to as principle of voluntary participation, will ensure the autonomy of the participants which is a very vital element in the process of research. Another principle is thatRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Ethical And Ethical Issues1360 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness ethics can be defined as the set of moral values and codes or standards of conduct in an organization. According to Wikipedia – â€Å"Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.† The particulars and specifics of the codes and standardsRead MorePersonal Reflection : The Definition Of Academic Integrity773 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Webster dictionary as â€Å"the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles† or as â€Å"moral uprightness†. To me, integrity is basically just having a strong sense of morals. A person with integrity is someone who strives to do the best they can and is â€Å"whole† in character. With this being said, I feel that integrity is not just one certain trait, it is a combination of many traits in one. For example, honesty, trustworthiness, virtues, good intentions, etc. are all aspects of having integrityRead MorePlagiarism And The Plagiarism Of The Student s Right And Their Integrity979 Words   |  4 Pages Generally, the term â€Å"plagiarism† refers to the academically dishonest practice of using another’s words or ideas as one’s own. It is also regarded as a serious offense. F or example, someone commits the offense by copying and pasting materials or work, in whole or in part, written by another person without quoting appropriate reference credit. While most people understand the concept of plagiarism academic institution take it seriously and have various policies in regards to it. The majority of collegeRead MoreMy Personal Value Must Be Implemented Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal value must be implemented as much as possible in any work they do in a personal, professional, and academic setting. Work devoid of these will never truly be authentic, or fulfilling when they are accomplished. While in the Transfer Student Development Course, I was able to develop my values and what I find most important to uphold in my day-to-day activities, continuing academic career, and future professional life. Strengths are what ones is inherently granted in terms of ability to dealRead MoreThe Top Ten Academic Professional Integrity Elements1443 Words   |à ‚  6 PagesHEAD: The Top Ten Academic Professional Integrity Elements As a student at American InterContinental University we all have a certain code we must follow. Being a professional student, my duty is to abide by the rules of honesty set by the college to be professional at all I do. The code of honesty set by the college states, â€Å"that I pledge that all test taken and work submitted by me will be my original own ideas and of my own efforts.† (Student Handbook, 2011) Showing honesty in any professionalRead MorePersonal Statement On Values And Morals927 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferently on a personal and professional level. In this code of ethics I have identified my core values as respect, honesty, loyalty, integrity, professionalism, and responsibility. Developing a code of ethics has provided me with an opportunity to reflect on my values and evaluate how I turn those values into action. Personal Values In my personal life I value, respect, honesty and loyalty to the highest regard. In the past my morals and values were tested, but never compromised. By creating

Definition and Examples of Group Genitives in English

In English grammar, the group genitive is a  possessive construction (such as the man next doors cat) in which the clitic  appears at the end of a noun phrase whose final word is not its head or not its only head. Also called a  group possessive or phrasal possessive. Group genitive constructions are more common in everyday speech than in formal writing. Examples and Observations I am sitting here in my apartment, recording the guy next doors activities for my best friend, who is engaged.(Meg Cabot, Boy Next Door. Avon Books, 2002)Joona takes out his mobile and calls Ronny again. Sweet Home Alabama begins to play in the man with the boyish hairs pocket . . .(Lars Kepler, The Hypnotist. Trans. by Ann Long. Picador, 2011)Liza Minnellis . . . powerhouse, saucer-eyed renditions of Money, Money and Maybe This Time are the best evidence there is of the future drag-queen patron saints phenomenal talent.(Chris Nashawaty, review of Cabaret on Blu-Ray. Entertainment Weekly, February 8, 2013)A shoeshine boy came in with the news that a porter in the building had broken his leg. The fellow that washes the windows? somebody asked. No, sir, said the lad, the fellow that washes the windows brother.(E.B. White. The New Yorker, January 21, 1939)I was the kid next doors imaginary friend.(American comedian Emo Philips) Origin of the Group Genitive The group-genitive construction, as in King Priam of Troys son and The Wife of Baths Tale, is a development of the early Modern English period. Group in the term for this construction refers to the fact that the genitive -s is added, not to the noun to which it relates most closely, but rather to whatever word ends a phrase including such a noun. . . . He is the woman who is the best friend this club has ever hads husband is an extreme example from Gracie Allen, an early radio and television comedian noted for her confusing speech.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2010) Guidelines for Using the Group Genitive To a mind trained exclusively in Latin (or German) grammar such English constructions as the Queen of Englands power, or he took somebody elses hat, must seem very preposterous; the word that ought to be in the genitive case (Queen, somebody) is put in the nominative or accusative, while in the one instance England, whose power is not meant, and in the other even an adverb, is put in the genitive case. . . .It will not be easy to lay down fully definite and comprehensive rules for determining in which cases the group genitive is allowable and in which the s has to be affixed to each member; the group construction is, of course, easiest when one and the same name is common to two persons mentioned (Mr. and Mrs. Browns compliments), or when the names form an inseparable group (Beaumont and Fletchers plays; Macmillan Co.s publications). On the whole, the tendency is toward using the group genitive, whenever no ambiguity is caused by it.(Otto Jespersen, Progress in Language, 1909) Guidelines for Using Joint Possessives Where two or more distinct persons, animals, etc., are in the genitive, the group genitive applies only when there is joint possession, responsibility, relationship, as in William and Marys reign and Jack, Tom, and Marys uncle. If two separate possessions or other relationships are concerned, each noun must clearly be shown in the genitive.(Eric Partridge, You Have a Point There, Routledge, 1978)For joint possession, an apostrophe goes with the last element in a series of names. If you put an apostrophe with each element in the series, you signal individual possession. E.g.: John and Marys house. (Joint)Johns and Marys houses. (Individual)America and Englands interests. (Joint)Americas and Englands interests. (Individual) In the last two examples, interests is plural (regardless of the possessives)) merely as a matter of idiom: we typically refer to Americas interests, not Americas interest. With pronouns, each element is always possessive (your and his time share).(Bryan A. Garner, Garners Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009)

Factors That Influence The Stability Of A Society

We can find from the text that â€Å"the most elemental and important facts about a society are those that are seldom debated and generally regarded as settled.† (Louis Wirth, quoted in p. 7 of the textbook) However, what makes a society seldom debated and be regarded as settled. This article will focus on this question and try to find out those factors that influence the stability of a society. Whenever mention about society, the first thing comes to my mind is social class. Social class (or simply class), as in a class society, is a set of concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories. In the most common way, society can be divided into upper, middle and lower class. However, where there exist social classes, there exist contradictions. Karl Marx said:† The history of all hitherto societies is the history of class struggle,† and he also said:† It punishes the crimes of the poor and condones the crimes of power.† (quote from ppt for 13-5-15) From Marx’s words we can know that social class makes society loose justice. By which will lead to the unstable of a society. But every society nowadays have different classes. What’s more, if a society has no classes different, everybody was in a same class, for instance, people in that society will loose motive power to fight for a better life, because even if you work really hard, you have no difference on classShow MoreRelatedGlobalization of the Economy1729 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic globalization has voluminous positive influences on international security as well. The most important effect of economic globalization is that it curbs the authority of state. It al so reduces states’ dependence on military based security and ultimately reduces states’ monopoly on security. This effect is considered by many, a prime factor contributing towards peace and stability. There are number of factors associated with economic globalization which affects states authority. FirstlyRead MoreHow The Age At Marriage Influences A Couple s Likelihood Of Getting A Divorce1573 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH OBJECTIVE I plan to study how the age at marriage influences a couple’s likelihood of getting a divorce among married individuals in Canada. This is an important topic to consider as families are a common social unit in society and they collectively influence many aspects of social society. I hypothesize that age is an important casual factor in the likelihood of divorce as it is commonly associated with other facets of and individuals life such as experience; income; attitudes toward marriage;Read MoreFamily Systems Healthy Development954 Words   |  4 Pagesbiological and environmental factors. Of the numerous environmental factors that an individual encounters over the course of the life span, it is clear to see family systems play a significant role and can be extremely impactful on the developmental process. To gain a better understanding of the impact of family on healthy development, it is worthwhile to consider the various family structures that exist in our culture. The portrait of the family in today’s society is no longer rigidly definedRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World1658 Words   |  7 PagesState’s motto: â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability†. Balance within the World State is achieved through the sacrifice of the genuineness of the citizens, demonstrating the society’s value for stability and strong desire to maintain it, to the extent of living in entire falsehood. First of all, the foundation of the solidity of the World State is the stability of an individual; in other words, the citizens themselves must be steady and resistant to change. The society of the World State as a whole has aRead MoreLife Course Development Theory Studies Growth and Adaptation879 Words   |  3 Pagesthe field of human development years ago inspired changes to the studies involving the models of development specifically focusing on child development and that didn’t relate to a developing organism in adult stages. This theory takes into account factors like cohort effects, the individual’s location (which can effect issues like obtaining an education), and transitions and life events. Life course development theory also holds the idea that individual differences, biological, and social context areRead MoreCollege Is The End Goal Of A High Standard Individual Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesdetails of your future, positive or negative. College is the e nd goal of a high standard individual who wants to succeed in life and get a good job, according to society. There are certain factors that could influence the average person to go and not go to college, the extent of skills and experience, standard benefits, wages and stability . In my personal experience-- as a high school senior, family s experience,college attenders experience, and my personal life interest and options of my interestRead MorePest Analysis of Textile Industry1235 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis helps a business to understand various macro environmental factors that they need to take into consideration when determining the decline or growth of a particular market. What does PEST stand for? Political  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this refers to the ways in which the government can intervene in an economy in terms of environmental and labor laws, tariffs, trade restrictions and tax policies. It also shows how a government can influence education and health and how it will affect the infrastructure ofRead MoreBarack Obama s Inauguration State Of The President879 Words   |  4 Pagespresidential budget will request for $755,000,000 additional funding. The source for the remaining $50,000,000 for Obama’s billion-dollar goal was not been released to the general public yet. With cancer requiring colossal amounts of money from society to attempt to treat and cure the disease, it has become an important and relevant social issue in the United States. In 2016 alone, there will be an estimated 1,685,210 cancer diagnoses along with approximately 595,690 deaths in correlation with cancerRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory By Clifford Shaw And Henry D. Mckay1056 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Disorganization Social disorganization theory explains the ecological difference in levels of crime, simply based on cultural and structural factors that influence the social order in a given community. Social disorganization is triggered by poverty, social stability, ethnic heterogeneity, and a few key elements. Although Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay (1942), were known for social disorganization theory, in 1947 Edwin Sutherland introduced the notion of a ecological differences in crimeRead MoreCohabitation And Its Effects On The Stability Of Relationship Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagescohabitation maintains on the quality of family life. Moreover, this study will analyze the holistic effects cohabitation maintains on the stability of relationship. Cohabitation and Children Simultaneously, as cohabitation becomes more common in the United States, substantially more children are growing up in households characterized by two cohabiting adults. In today’s society, about 40% of children in the United States experience living with cohabitating parents before the age of 12 (Kennedy Bumpass

Presidential Election Mr. Donald Trump Essay - 1545 Words

This year the presidential elections will take place at the beginning of November, and there are lots of people wondering how this is going to end. Some candidates for these presidential elections may not have been the best choice for their respective parties, but the one that really shouts, â€Å"I should not be here† is Mr. Donald Trump. His personality and actions are not the correct ones for a president because of his temper and comments against other cultures. On the other hand, we have Mrs. Clinton who is a more competent candidate; she has more experience on the field of politics than Mr. Trump who has none at all, which are the reasons why she is a better choice as a candidate and as president of the U.S. Mrs. Clinton has thirty years in the politics field; she has been Senator of New York, First lady of the U.S., and Secretary of State. She has the necessary background to back her up for this presidential race and that makes her a strong candidate for president. As an other candidate, we have Mr. Donald Trump who has a limited background in politics. Mr. Trump has no experience in politics at all and his actions are not the best for a president, he has too much anger against others and the way he expresses himself is not proper for the post he wants. His being a businessperson may attract the Republican voters, but being successful as a businessperson does not make him a good option for the president of his country. If that were the case, Bill Gates would have beenShow MoreRelatedWhy Mr. Donald Trump Loses The Presidential Election Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesWhy Mr. Donald Trump Loses the Presidential Election The United States of America is the best country in the world, because of its respect for the constitution of the country, its citizens regardless of gender, age, social-economic condition or health condition. Likewise, for the good international relations that it has, for its respect to the agreements that it has made with other countries, as well as the respect to the governments of other nations, for the above-mentioned reasons, we are consideredRead MoreThe Presidential Election : Senator Obama, The Democratic Candidate, And Mr. Donald Trump Essay1892 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: This years presidential candidates consist of Senator Hillary Clinton, the democratic candidate, and Mr. Donald Trump, running as the republican candidate. As the election day comes approaching faster that some many desire, one of these two individuals with soon win what seems to have been a grueling, dragged out battle to become victorious and receive the privilege of running our nation. While both candidates have many flaws that have been presented throughout this election, it has become veryRead MoreThe Voter Id Law Of The United States Of America Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesThe Voter ID Law in the United States of America Whether protecting and expanding voting rights through permitting more valid vote identifications is a controversial topic during the presidential election of 2016. Many people believe that the current voter ID law makes young, women, minority groups, and seniors hard to access to the ballot box, and thus, should be revised to broaden lists of acceptable forms of voter ID. On the other hand, the supporters of the Voter ID law argue that the law isRead MoreThe Debate Over America Needs Change Now More Than Ever And Vote For Your Own Candidate?1488 Words   |  6 Pageswe have now.† America is at a crossroads. Who should we vote for - the people the parties want or for our own candidate? Let s say you decide to vote for Donald Trump but the Republican Establishment says not to vote for him and to vote for someone they endorse. Now you may be thinking, â€Å"I am a Democrat and wouldn’t vote for Donald Trump anyway.† This also applies to Bernie Sanders. The Democratic Establishment does not want Bernie Sanders to be President either. America is left with the choiceRead MoreDonald Trump Is The Best Chance America1484 Words   |  6 Pages Donald Trump has no political background, offends several ethnicities, and attacks his fellow candidates on insignificant subjects like the way John Kasich eats, but he is the best chance America has to correct the controversial issues that inhabit today’s political and social views. Since June of 2015, the Trump Campaign has swept its way across America, gaining advocates and citizens who blatantly de test the leading Republican candidate. Supporters respect the straightforward stance Trump takesRead MoreThe President Of The United States832 Words   |  4 Pagesfacing imminent doom considering the two frontrunners for the 2016 Presidential election are currently Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Controversy surrounds both candidates due to demagogic comments from Trump and an FBI investigation looming over Clinton. Political parties divide the the two nominees and set up for a fierce debate if they are chosen to represent America in the vital election of 2016. Donald J. Trump’s Presidential campaign began with much fanfare. Many saw the reality show starsRead MoreAnalysis Of Donald Trump s View On Political Issues And Lack Of Experience Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesThink Twice About Voting For Trump Trump’s main appeal seems to be his projection of strength in free speech. This is his only trait that carries him despite his blatant lack of knowledge on political issues and lack of experience. 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In doing so, I will argue that the main flaws in this cycle’s presidential primary debates were t he amount of fallacies used, as structure used as well as provide some counter-arguments to myRead MoreMake America Great Again : Donald Trump Is A Brilliant Business Man Essay1966 Words   |  8 PagesMake America Great Again Donald Trump is a brilliant business man. You either love him or hate him, but rarely a moment passes without coming across his name. In a day and age where technology is rapidly changing the way society has come to know politics, leave it to a political outsider to turn Washington inside out. The time has never been more opportune than now for a successful business person who embraces technology to run for president†¦and win. On March 23, 2015 seventeen people formally announcedRead MoreGlobal Economy And The American Dream1286 Words   |  6 Pagescitizens’ best interest and not for personal gains or being lobbied by corporations. Only seven years ago there was a limit on how much an individual or corporation could fund a certain political campaign. However the Citizens United vs. the Federal Election Commission (FEC) Supreme Court ruling in 2010 changed the political campaign atmosphere. According to the congressional digest â€Å" The Supreme Court’s 2010 Citizens United v. FEC decision gave corporations and unions the freedom to spend as much as

Understanding Of The Law Environment †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Understanding Of The Law Environment. Answer: It is a widely tacit verity that law cannot be violated not anybody can escape from its proceedings. Laws and regulation been made to cater justice to the victim that has been suffered from any such inappropriate act or event (Abraham 2017). This laws been enforced by the national government with an intention to afford righteousness to the public that would assist to build a healthier society with moral values and ethics for that matter. Considering such fact, business world is significant as every people are associated with it directly or indirectly irrespective of his or her nature of involvement. Similarly, business organisations around the globe need to adhere to the laws that are specific to the business proceedings as such. It is of vital importance that compliance to such business laws is an essential factor for the business firms in order to ensure a smooth flow of business activities effectively. However, there are complexities and issues present that hamper the proceedings negatively. The main goal of this essay is to draw a clear and in-depth understanding of the law environment that business organisation chiefly operates. Besides that, by illustrating the real life scenarios of business world, it would assist in cater valuable understanding of the aspects that are associated with the issues and the possible solutions to overcome such discrepancies positively. In this essay, comprise of coherent and clarified discussions, which helped to depict a justified conclusion that is value-based and effective in terms of understanding. The legal components of the trots of negligence and a misrepresentation. Primarily, there are four legal components of the trots of negligence. Duty of care is owed, by a person or defendant to cater care and support to the plaintiff who is supposed to be served as per the duty of defendant. Causation is chiefly the negligence in providing effectual duty towards the consumers or the plaintiff may cause monetary loss, which is of severe damage and is a matter of consciousness. Breach of duty is the violation of duty; the plaintiff may face any sort of issue that has caused him/her massive harm. Thereby, the harm that caused him/her by means of negligence of duty or a breach, which is serious and damaging. Proximate damages indicate tort scenarios that create losses that cater monetary losses to the plaintiff negatively (Robinette et al. 2017). However, there are possibilities that justification is essential to prove that the defendant carries no fault from his end and case needs to st udied in-depth. On the other side, the legal components of a misrepresentation consist of three aspects. Misrepresentation of material is the possibilities that the defendant may make false promise or statement of truthiness in terms of contractual accord of business or material for that matter. Fraudulent misrepresentation can be identified as intentional tort that the person caters fraudulent presentation of an aspect that carries no truth and validity as such. The person might lie to the plaintiff in order to generate business and maximise profit. Impairment is concerned to the above two aspects, the plaintiff might get some serious amount of harm or injury from the defendants deceitful misrepresentation (Arlen 2017). In such events, the plaintiff may sue to the court of law with an intention to incur justice that would assist to recover the damages caused. Steps to prove the occurrence. There are several steps in order to prove that either has occurred. The torts of negligence create massive loss to any business organisation that might require heavy payback or a lawful liability (Wells 2017). For example, in a business scenario, an H.R manager carries the duty to provide every detail of an employee in order to ensure that he receives compensation, which is applicable to him. Yet, the negligence of duty in filling up the details precisely, the employee suffered with no compensation for a month that has incurred major loss to him. In such case, the employee could sue the H.R manager in tort of negligence and can charge legal liabilities by showing the breach of duty that the H.R manager has conducted negatively. On the other hand, misrepresentation occurs when any person in a business state of affairs represents a false or untrue declaration to another person or customer that creates the possessions of encouragement to that particular person for that matter. For instance, a retailer caters false declaration to his customer regarding the quality of the product to be best and acquired high amount of price, yet after usage the quality is not up to the mark and considered to be of low quality. In this case, the customer can file a trot of misrepresentation and ask him for a penalty that affected him directly or indirectly (Heaton 2017). This sort of incidents are common in nature and can been seen often in real business scenarios. Post filing a lawsuit against the retailer to the court of law would assist him to provide justice for such inappropriate event. The above two torts that can be applied to real business situations. Analysing the two trots that been discussed above has catered significant understanding of the facts that usually take place within a business situation primarily. For case in point, a customer when visits a electrical appliance retail, he/she expects that the customer service personnel would greet and take them around to cater knowledge about the products and service that would be preferred by that particular customer. Yet, the personnel did not respond positively neither showed care for the customer to cater information about the interests that the customer carried in visiting the store. This clearly indicates the breach of duty as well as duty of care that refers to the tort of negligence. In such scenario, the customer can claim a tort of negligence to the court of law and sue the retail outlet as well as the organisation as well. However, he/she might settle down the issue with legal liabilities that the court would advise or order to the accuse party (Wright 2017). Care that should to be taken when giving advice or directions to customers. Principally, in such situations that has been discussed above, there are several effective procedure that business organisation may take up in order to prevent such kind of discrepancies. In order to be effective in terms of providing care towards duty, the employer of business organisation need to stay focused towards his duties and responsibilities. He require gathering of knowledge concerning the duties and responsibilities that he is bound to deliver and uplifts the organisational efficiency to a newer level. The discussed instance of H.R managers tort of negligence, he needs to discuss with the employee regarding the error in person that has taken place in the mean time of their working period. Besides that, the H.R manager should settle down the issue by a rationale discussion with the organisational head concerning the recovery of harm that affected him negatively (Hall 2017). Although, the organisatio n could provide a slight uplift on his compensation that he could not draw due to the negligence of his H.R manager. This effectual strategy could assist in the settlement of occurred issue proficiently. Whereas, in the case of tort of misrepresentation that has taken place within a retail outlet of television-manufacturing firm, the organisation need to take strategic step in order to prevent any harm that would create negative effect. Considering such factor, the organisation must communicate apology to the victim customer concerning the inconvenience that their customer had faced from their end and settle down the issue with free servicing along with a doorstep service delivery. This strategic move would help the organisation to be at the safer side and avert to the torts arousal effectively (Cane 2017). Consequences to a business situation concerning the harm caused. There are possibilities that organisations, which are fallen under torts of law, can get affected by negative consequences that would lead to incur major loss to the organisation as such. The cases of torts are unacceptable by the victim as well as by the public as a whole and thus, might create several consequences that would be negative in nature. Specific to the tort of negligence, the injured party could file a lawsuit to the court of law against the accused party in terms of breaching of duty of care (Goh and Yip 2017). This lawsuit can drag the accused party to the court of law in requisites of examining the case in detail and if found guilty, the court may charge demurrage to the accused party in justification of the filed case against him or the organisation as a whole. On the other hand, in context to the tort of misrepresentation the consequences can be more injurious as compared to the above-discussed tort. However, in this case the victim may sue the whole organisation to the court of law and may charge severe damage recovery that would satisfy the loss that is been faced by the victim. Defenses available to business where an individual claims loss as results of the actions of a business. There are primarily three defenses available to a business when a person claims to be impairment or injured in context to tort of negligence such as contributory negligence, supposition of risk and comparative blunder (Zipursky 2017). Considering such defense, a business organisation can defend in opposition to a negligence court case by claiming that duty of care was been exercised appropriately and may show evidences that would assist to prove that no harm or injury has been done to the plaintiffs cause. Hiring a potential lawyer who is expert in handling such cases effectively would help the defendant from any lawsuit that would hamper his business negatively. In addition, by such available defenses the defendant as well as the lawyer could depend on one of the set of guidelines that would either eradicate or minimise the charges based on the assumed tort of negligence. Real life instances of business are being liable for a tortious act. Torts of negligence as well as misrepresentation in a business scenario occur mostly in retail outlets, stores, consultancy firms and after sales service events. In specific, television-manufacturing companies claims to provide 100% after sales service to their product, however this statement is untrue and does not provide the same as claimed. When a customer faces issues post purchasing a television, he telephones the customer service executive and details him concerning the issue that he had face from the product. Yet, the executive does not show interest to his asked problem, puts him on hold, and caused him delay for a long time. This clearly makes understand a tort of misrepresentation of the promised quality service from the organisations end. In such case, the victim customer can sue the organisation against the tort of misrepresentation and can ask for recovery damage that has caused him harm negatively. The reby, such torts can applied in any business situation that falls under the business law in order to prevent any harm to any person or party positively without any hesitation (Hershovitz 2017). Statutory authorities that protect the publics interests. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) hold the statutory or the public authority to protect the public interests effectively concerning to their complaints and grievances. It enforces the public interests under the requirements of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. The ACCC authority serves with an intention to advance the interests of the Australians for that matter (Accc.gov.au 2017). Affected consumer or publics actions against the business and their expectation to gain from that action. Conversely, in context to torts of negligence and misrepresentation, the victim party can sue the business or the owner to the court of law. This can be done only when the court could found that it has created damage or harm to the other party negatively and require justice for the same. However, if the court of law failed or has not found any such cases that has harmed the victim then there is no such case to be claim to the court of law. Thereby, it is been understood that else, the matter has caused some serious harm to the plaintiff; the defendant is liable to charges under the court of law and if there is no such evidence of any harm then there is no such cases to be entertained (Henderson, Kysar and Pearson 2017). Torts other than negligence and misrepresentation that is applicable to the actions of a business. There are three torts present other than negligence and misrepresentation, which are applicable to the actions of a business, and those are torts of computer system tampering, iniquitous competition and inappropriate interference (Fennell 2017). These torts are of serious in nature and can cause serious harm or loss to the plaintiffs interests negatively. Observations regarding the application of tort principles as they may apply in the business world. The policy of tort laws are unquestionably functions at a number of levels, which are across classified law, and at the personage tort level that indicates the severity of such laws to an extent. Moreover, in context to the tort of negligence and a misrepresentation, the defendant can simultaneously harm or injure the plaintiff negatively by means of false evidences as well as by stressing on the grounds of justification from the plaintiffs point of view towards the matter (Tilley 2017). However, failure to identify the duty of care and the case of making false statement minimizes the liability and augments the severity of harm to the plaintiff. Thus, the court need to be concerned about both the parties and clarify justification based of factual evidences and grievance that to be produced before the court effectively. This is to conclude that the law of tort is of vital importance that needs to noted in serious account and adherence to the regulations and laws are significant for that matter. On the other hand, it is of clear understanding that the causation of such harm or avoidance to such tort laws could cause severe damage to the business that may lead to business shutdown or deal with several negative proceedings. Therefore, the business regulatory environment comprise of diverse aspects that are important to adhere as well as acquiring such knowledge is of prime apprehension. References Abraham, K., 2017.The forms and functions of tort law. West Academic. Accc.gov.au (2017).Compliance enforcement policy. [online] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/about-us/australian-competition-consumer-commission/compliance-enforcement-policy [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Arlen, J., 2017. Economics of Tort Law.The Oxford Handbook of Law and Economics: Volume 2: Private and Commercial Law, p.41. Cane, P., 2017.Key Ideas in Tort Law. Bloomsbury Publishing. Fennell, L.A., 2017. Lumps and Lapses in Tort Law. Goh, Y. and Yip, M., 2017. Concurrent Liability in Tort and Contract: An Analysis of Interplay, Intersection and Independence. Hall, G.J., 2017. The Democratic Standard of Care in Tort Law. Heaton, P., 2017. How Does Tort Law Affect Consumer Auto Insurance Costs?.Journal of Risk and Insurance,84(2), pp.691-715. Henderson, J.A., Kysar, D.A. and Pearson, R.N., 2017.The torts process. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Hershovitz, S., 2017. The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Tort Law. Robinette, C., Coleman, J., Geistfeld, M., Goldberg, J.C., Perry, R., Sharkey, C., Witt, J. and Zipursky, B., 2017. JOuRNal Of TORT law. Tilley, C.C., 2017. Tort Law Inside Out. Wells, M.L., 2017. Harmonizing European Tort Law and the Comparative Method: Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Comparative Perspective. Wright, J., 2017.Tort law and human rights. Bloomsbury Publishing. Zipursky, B.C., 2017. Tort Theory in Copyright Law: Thinking about Patrick Goold's Unbundling the Tort of Copyright Infringement.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, p.137.

Exceptional Education Referral To Placement Essay Example For Students

Exceptional Education Referral To Placement Essay AbstractThis paper will reflect upon the school-wide dilemma of students, families and schools involved in the referral and placement process of students with special needs such as specific learning disabilities and beyond. This is a genuine problem in our Florida school system as each year is seems to take longer for a student who has been referred by an educator to be placed into a situation which best meets their academic and/or emotional needs. This paper will concentrate on stories derived from primary stakeholders dealing with this situation. The stakeholders for this particular story are; Diana, a 3rd grade student in need, and her family, her teacher, the school psychologist, and the school exceptional student education teacher. Each stakeholder will present their version of the problem as a personal situation. Exceptional Education-Referral to Placement Time: A School-Wide DilemmaMy story begins by telling you that I am a 3rd grade teacher and have taught elementary school for close to four years. In that time, I have been able to teach many youngsters and also see that there are some learners whose needs exceed what I have been able to give them in a regular classroom setting. When I used to teach fifth grade, most students with academic concerns had already been identified and place, part time, in an SLD (Specific Learning Disability) setting as needed. However, some students had still managed to travel through six years of public school barely scraping by. Now teaching third grade, I have two students in particular I am highly concerned about. One of which has been on the refer for testing list since second grade and has still not been able to be placed in an educational setting which will focus on her needs. The second little girl is mostly likely a result of her mother taking drugs while she was in the womb. This childs development seems to be slowing as the rest of the students around her progress. For this paper, I am going to focus on the plight of the first child for my example. From my observations as the teacher of the little girl I will refer to as Diana, it is extremely evident a regular classroom setting is not meeting the needs of this child. STAKEHOLDERSThere are many people in this little girls life who hold a stake in her successes. I, as her teacher, am certainly one, as well as herself, her parents and family, our school varied exceptionalities teacher, the county/school psychologist and the school principal. This list could also continue to her future teachers and beyond, but I will be discussing the stories of the main stakeholders I have previously listed. Teachers StoryDiana, at nine years old, has already been detained once in her schooling career. This child is able to identify letters, but digraphs such as Sh, or Ch are not comprehensible to her. Now in third grade, it is clear me that Diana is not learning at the same rate as her fellow classmates. I felt from within the first week that she was in my class that this child was well below grade level. I see her frequently off task, dawdling if you will by shuffling papers, organizing her desk and book bag, practically anything to avoid showing her classmates that she does not understand the work that is going on in the classroom. As Dianas teacher, I am troubled that in my regular classroom, I cannot give her the full attention and services that would meet her individual needs. I did the by the book way that a teacher is supposed to do to find out the history of this child. This meant checking the cumulative folder of past school history and I also spoke with her previous teachers and inquired with the guidance counselor as to whether or not she was on a testing list. I was informed that Diana had been referred by her second grade teacher, but it would be helpful if I continued with documentation of school work and followed up. I have done this and I have also discussed Dianas situation at quarterly profile meetings about students where the principal, teacher and curriculum resource teacher are all present. Unfortunately, because Diana is on the referral list, my only recourse at this time is to modify-modify-modify in the classroom. Retention was briefly discussed, but denied because of the referral list. Arts Week EssayAnother problem, according to Mrs. V, is the lack of emphasis placed on a timely process in Florida. It was known in the other states that a child must be referred, tested and if necessary placed within 60 days time. Here in Florida, she feels that due to the fact that everyone is overworked and understaffed, excuses are made while referrals are dragged out for 6 months and beyond. Ultimately the problem lies, according to Mrs. V, in the State Department and funding. She feels that if they were monitoring and enforcing better timelines, schools would be forced to hire the staff to complete the process in a timely manor. Diana and FamilyDiana and her parents are extremely concerned about her academic progress. Dianas perspective is that she knows that other students in her class are reading and progressing much further than she is. When asked how this makes her feel, she states that she is sad. Her non-verbal expressions and gestures lead me to think that she is more than just sad. Diana thinks that she cannot read and that she is different. At this point, her reason behind this to her is that she is not smart. As a result of Dianas lack of educational skills, her self-esteem is suffering and a wall is being built against learning. She shows extreme avoidance when it comes to school work, rising to sharpen pencils and stare blankly at her paper. Dianas parents are concerned about their daughters work and have come to parent/teacher conferences that have been set up by both myself and the school. The family is of Haitian decent and have at times expressed that if she does not improve, there is a possibility of her returning to Haiti to live with her grandparents. It is understood that in Haiti, education is not a priority. When asking them about Dianas situation, they are aware that their daughter is behind others in school. They are very gracious and thankful to the teachers she has had for their efforts with their daughter. However, they are also concerned that Diana is not receiving services to increase her potential. They have been called into meetings with teachers, and at times administrators, about her for three years now and have known that she has been on a list at least since the beginning of this school year. Their frustration level is at an extreme. When asked why they think that it is taking so long for Diana to be placed, their answers come from what they have been told by the school. Basically that there is an extremely long waiting list for students to receive placement and not enough time or people to do this testing. As for someone to blame, their frustration lies with the school system and district rather than with the individual members of Dianas school, but they feel unable to do anything about this. CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, this paper is stating the viewpoints of four stakeholders involved with a child facing the dilemma of the referral for academic services. Conclusions and perspectives were uniquely individual for each person or subsystem within this dilemma. However, I feel that a continuing theme throughout this paper is one of a lack of funding for individuals who assist in this referral process. Perhaps if more state money were put towards hiring qualified persons to test and process the referral students, the wait time a student entertains would be drastically reduced. If this were to happen, then perhaps students would be adequately placed and their academic and/or emotional needs would be sufficiently met. BibliographyMyrick, R. D. (1997). Developmental Guidance and Counseling: A Practical Approach. Minneapolis, MN: Educational Media Corporation. Seneg, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Smith, B.(1994). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York, NY: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

Avoiding College Essay Mistakes

Avoiding College Essay MistakesAvoiding college essay mistakes is very important, especially if you want to ace your AP exams. Before you begin to write your essay, you should first examine your essays and identify the areas where your writing will need improvement. This will help you immensely as you prepare for your next writing assignment. Here are some things you can do to avoid essay mistakes:* Think about how to start and end your essay. Think about how you will begin and end your essay, but also think about what kind of conclusion you want to make.* Avoid talking directly about facts. Many college students will simply tell you how they know something. However, many times that person will then tell you everything there is to know about it.* Use simple language. College essay mistakes are all too often due to poorly constructed sentences that sound like they were written by a teenager. If you want to avoid writing your students a bad grade, avoid the pitfalls of poor grammar.* A void using 'I'me' for the entire essay. Even if you want to put emphasis on yourself, it is better to use your verbs and pronouns in a more concise way than to try to use 'I'me' for the entire essay.* Avoid long, overly-complicated sentences and long, overly-complicated paragraphs. It is much better to talk about what you need to talk about instead of trying to talk your way through an essay.* Make sure that you always write your essay in the present tense. Some students will try to use anachronisms to make their arguments more current. However, by always using the present tense, your student will be able to tell the reader that your essay is based in the present.* Avoid using terms that your professor has never used before. You might want to research these terms before you submit your final, so that you can present your argument in the most current way possible.

Research Paper Ideas For High School Students

Research Paper Ideas For High School StudentsWhen you're looking for topics for research paper ideas, you may find that there are a lot of options. Some of them are more popular than others. Some of them are important, and some of them aren't very important at all. Some of them are the exact opposite of others.When you're looking for a good topic, it is essential that you keep these things in mind. Topics for research paper ideas are some of the most important, because they help to form your topic. They are also the ones that you have to consider carefully when writing the paper. It is important that you know what questions you want to answer. Without a clear idea of what you want to learn, it is hard to write about the topics for research paper ideas that are out there.A lot of high school students today have taken an entire class in college-level courses. This means that they have a higher level of knowledge than they did back then. There is no reason why you can't tap into this, a s well. One of the best ways to do this is by taking an elective class. By doing this, you're essentially being selective in the courses that you take.Knowing what are important things to know about in high school is crucial. For example, it might be important to you that there are a lot of different sports. It may be important to you that math and science courses play a large role in how people learn. Whatever you find important, you need to find out for yourself, so that you can stay current on the information.You should also think about the concepts that are important to you. These can be things like, among other things, the things that have to do with discrimination and social justice. These are issues that people of different races and ethnicities tend to think about a lot. They can have a direct impact on your topic.If you are from a certain race or ethnic group, it may be important to you that you don't make certain jokes and statements. While they might be offensive to other people, they could also be offensive to you. Of course, you want to make sure that you are okay with them before you put them down on paper.There are many other topics for research paper ideas, but these are some of the more popular ones. Of course, the topics you choose are going to reflect your own personal beliefs, and other people's opinions about certain topics. Remember that the things that you find important will also be important to other people. The topic is only as interesting as you make it.While a lot of high school students are out there looking for topics for research paper ideas, it is important that you make sure that the topics you choose are going to be important to you and not to everyone else. After all, how can you expect to get good grades if you won't be able to even think about things in class?

Multinational Company Essay Example

Multinational Company Essay According to knowledge and network-based theories of multinational companies (MNCs), the main source of MNC competitive advantage is the creation and transfer of knowledge within the MNC system. The processes of knowledge creation and knowledge transfer are extensively investigated in the present literature.However, there are issues that are still underdeveloped, such as control and organizational mechanisms as a micro foundation of modern MNC theories. This paper is aimed at presenting an overview of the modern theoretical approaches of MNC competitive advantages from the managerial point of view. The applicability of these concepts is further considered in the case of MNC affiliates doing their business in transition economies in order to provide guidelines for future empirical research.Key words: multinational companies, knowledge-based theory, network-based theory, transition economies. INTRODUCTION M 1 2 NCs are recognized as the main actors of e international business, internat ional business financing and global economies. According to Ghoshal and Bartlett, MNC is a firm that has substantial direct investment in foreign countries that it actively manages. 2 The value of their sales in host countries overpasses the value of trade (imports and exports) in today’s world economy.Multinational companies attracted scientific and public attention Dr Biljana Pesalj, Assistant, Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, E-mail address: biljana. [emailprotected] com Ghoshal Sumantra and Bartlett A. Christopher, â€Å"The Multinational Corporation as an Interorganizational Networkâ€Å", Academy of Management Review, 15, 4, 1990, 603–625, p. 603. 237 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) rom the moment of their appearance, and especially from the beginning of their intensive growth (during the 1960s). There are many interesting and important issues concerning MNC that have been elaborated i n the literature such as motives of internationalization, forms and strategies of internationalization, effects on host and home countries, political aspects of MNC activities, emerging forms of international business financings, corporate social responsibility of MNC, relationship between the headquarters and MNC affiliates, etc.However, many questions have remain unanswered, such as particular mechanisms used to coordinate MNC’s activities, particularities of MNC affiliates doing their business in transition economies, etc. Modern theories of MNC, such as knowledge-based and network-based theories, indicate that in comparison to national3 companies4 the ability to create and transfer knowledge internally is one of the main competitive advantages of MNCs. Drawing upon knowledge-based and network–based theoretical views MNC is considered â€Å"repository of knowledge and a superior way of organizing knowledge transfer across MNC units†. In the largest number of studies, (theoretical and empirical) MNC is considered a differentiated network where knowledge is created in various parts of MNC and then internally transferred to different interrelated units. 6 The creation of innovation in MNC is no longer focused on the home country, but could be dispersed throughout the MNC system. There are authors which point out that innovative activities of foreign subsidiaries are a crucial part of innovative performance of MNC as a whole. 7 Subsidiary’s local business networks (i. . 3 4 We use the term â€Å"national companies† to denote those that organize their production activities in a sole country in contrast to multinational companies. See: Minbaeva D, Pedersen T, Bjorkman I, Fey CF, Park HJ, â€Å"MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM†, Journal of Internation Business Studies, 34, 2003, pp. 586–599; Andersson Ulf, Forsgren Mats and Holm Ulf, â€Å"Subsidiary Embeddedness and Competence Develo pment in MNCs – A Multi – level Analysisâ€Å" Organization Studies, 22, 6, 2001, pp. 013–1034; Kogut Bruce and Zander Udo, â€Å"Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation†, Journal of International Business Studies, Fourth Quarter, 1993, pp. 625–645. Kogut Bruce and Zander Udo, ibid. , p. 625. See: Andersson Ulf, Forsgren Mats and Holm Ulf, â€Å"Balancing subsidiary influence in the federative MNC: a business network view†, Journal of International Business Studies, 38, 2007, pp. 802–818; Hedlung G. , â€Å"The Hypermodern MNC – A Heterarchy? â€Å", Human Resource Management, 25, 1986, pp. –35 Yamin Mo and Otto Juliet, â€Å"Patterns of knowledge flows and MNC innovative performance†, Journal of International Management, 10, 2004, pp. 239–258. 5 6 7 238 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) involving sup pliers, customers and competitors) are often a critical source of innovation and capability development for the subsidiary. 8 In the paper, we first present the literature review on the theory of international business and theory of MNC with the focus on the modern approaches such acknowledge-based theory, network-based theory and social capital theory.Then we consider the applicability of these modern views of MNC as a possible theoretical background for the empirical research on MNC in transition economies. Namely, transition economies suffer from many distortions in comparison to developed ones and are specific in many aspects; therefore, they may require modified theoretical approaches to the conceptualization of MNC. We discuss the results of the most recent empirical studies conducted in some of the transition economies. The bjective of this analysis is to facilitate and improve the process of establishing hypotheses and conducting future empirical research on different aspect s of MNC in transition economies. The empirical results are expected to reflect at some point the modification or alternation of the MNC theoretical conceptualization, doing business in transition economies. DUNNING’S ECLECTIC PARADIGM Until the late 1980s, the dominant accepted theory of FDI was Dunning’s eclectic paradigm (OLI theory).Within the scope of this theory, Dunning proposed three main determinants of international activity of the firm and they are as follows: ownership, location and internalization (OLI triad). According to this traditional approach to the internationalization processes and MNC, firms are motivated to internationalize their business in order to exploit their ownership or firm specific advantages. 9 Traditional approaches consider that there is just one-way direction of knowledge transfer and learning – from headquarters to foreign subsidiaries.Market imperfections and high transaction costs are seen as the main reasons why MNCs prefe r transfer of knowledge-based assets using FDI (within the MNC system) to using market mechanisms. 8 Tsai Hsin-Ju and Yamin Mo, â€Å"Organizational influences on innovation transfer in multinational corporations†, Workshop on knowledge flows, School of Business and Management, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007, Internet: http://www. qmul. ac. uk /~bsw019/tsai 16/1/2008. Dunning H. John, Theories and Paradigms of International Business Activity, The Selected Essays of John H.Dunning, Volume I, Edward Elgar, 2002. 9 239 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) However, as Dunning has noticed in his later work, OLI triad needed to be supplemented over time because, apart from the mentioned determinants of international activity of firms, MNCs are increasingly investing abroad in order to protect or augment their core competences. Therefore, the existing MNC theory was not powerful enough to offer a comprehensive interp retation of the actual international business activities.During the 1980s, as a response to criticism, Dunning introduced dynamic variables connected with the strategy of the firm. In his papers, at the beginning of 2000, Dunning concluded that there was the growing importance of relational assets (productive inter-firm and intra-firm relationships that determined the amount and structure of international business) that largely influenced OLI triad of variables of international business. TRANSITION FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN VIEWS OF MNC A change in the academic and research focus in dealing with MNC could be noticed at the end of the 1980s.In the period before the 1980s, the research in the field the MNC was mostly related to the analysis of the relationship between headquarters and affiliates and the analysis of the decisions to invest abroad as could be noticed in the Dunning’s work. But then, the focus moved to the activities of coordination in managing the network of for eign affiliates and to the analysis of competitive advantages resulting from the economy of scope of that kind of network. This change of focus called for a new theoretical, conceptual and methodological background.The research in the field of international business and MNC has been very fruitful during the past two decades and has thrown light upon many aspects of the nature, strategy and organization of the multinational enterprise. The change in the theoretical approach was evident in the conceptualization of the MNC organizational model. Regarding the model of MNC there are generally two main schools of thought. The first (traditional) line of thought used a model of the home-based MNC. 0 The implication of this view of organization and management of MNC is that MNC makes a clear distinction between core and peripheral activities for the improvement of competitive advantages on a global scale. Core activities are always kept in the home country, while only peripheral activities are allocated to affiliates. The second 10 Solvell Orjan and Zander Ivo, â€Å"Organization of the Dynamic Multinational Enterprise, the Home–Based and Heterarchial MNC†, International Studies of Management and Organization, 25,1-2, 1995, pp. 17–38. 240 Pesalj B. Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) (new, modern) line of thought includes several models of MNC, such as the geocentric firm,11 the diversified MNC,12 the inter-organizational network13 and the heterarchical MNC. 14 Without going into details and differences between these organizational models, we note that all these models have in common the suggestion that there are complex organizational structures and management processes in MNC aimed at upgrading competitive advantages by combining â€Å"global integration† and â€Å"local differentiation† of MNC.Since we consider this second stream more acceptable and more present in the modern literat ure, we focus on the concept of MNC as a differentiated interorganizational network (transnational solution given by Bartlett and Ghoshal15) as one of the approaches within this strand. The concept of MNC as a differentiated inter-organizational network means that MNC cannot be regarded as a uniform organization, but as a system of interrelated and interconnected organizational parts that are very different.The organizational parts of MNC differ greatly in their characteristics as well as in their contribution and role in the development of the competitive advantages of MNC as a whole. We do not consider the approach of Bartlett and Ghoshal as superior in comparison to, for example, the model of Hedlund or others, but we choose this approach because it has initiated a number of empirical studies that have considerably contributed to the understanding of sources of MNC’s competitive advantages.The most recent developments in theories of the firm view a firm as a â€Å"knowled ge-creating entity† and argue that knowledge and the capability to create and use are the most important sources of a firm’s sustainable competitive advantage. 16 As many authors point out, there has been a 11 12 13 14 15 16 Perlmutter V. Howard, â€Å"The Tortuous Evolution of the Multinational Corporation†, Columbia Journal of World Business, January – February, 1969, pp. 9–18. Prahalad C. K. , â€Å"Strategic Choices in Diversified MNCs†, Harvard Business Review, July – August, 1976.Bartlett Christopher and Ghoshal Sumantra, Managing across borders: The transnational solution. , Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, 1989. Hedlund G. , â€Å"The Hypermodern MNC – A Heterarchy? â€Å", Human Resource Management, 25, 1986, pp. 9–35. Bartlett Christopher and Ghoshal Sumantra, Managing across borders: The transnational solution. , loc. cit. Nonaka Ikujiro, Toyama Ryoko and Nagata Akiya, â€Å"A Firm as a Knowledge-c reating Entity: A New Perspective on the Theory of the Firm†, Industrial and Corporate Change, 9, 1, 2000, pp. 1–20. 241 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 37–259) revolutionary transition from the conceptual model of MNC, as a market failure approach of internalization theory and transaction costs theory, to knowledge–based theories of the firm. The new perspective of MNC is based on the application of knowledge and network theories. The knowledge-based theory of MNC mainly deals with the characteristics of knowledge, transfer of knowledge and determinants of these processes. Within the knowledge-based theory, there is a large body of literature that deals with RD units that are seen as the main sources of the knowledge creation. 7 On the other side, the network theory and particularly the embeddedness concept give some more evidence on the other MNC source of knowledge – knowledge created and assimilate d in the close cooperation with local partnering organizations. These two approaches will be presented in the following text. THE NETWORK-BASED THEORY OF MNC MNC’s affiliates are the main sources of competitive advantages of MNC because they build deep and long-term relationships with local business partners as well as with other units of the MNC system. Due to these close relationships, new knowledge could be created.The main characteristic of this knowledge is that it is tacit – embedded in a specific context. Embeddedness could be defined as a set of close relationships with partner organizations in the business network and it relates to the intensity of information exchange and to the level of adjustments made between business partners. The term â€Å"embeddedness† has its origin in the classification of different types of knowledge systematized by Lam. 18 This author used tacit – explicit and individual – collective dimensions to identify the following four types of knowledge: embrained (individual-explicit), embodied (individualtacit), encoded collective-explicit) and embedded (collective-tacit). Embedded knowledge is tacit and context-specific (collective) ingrained in inter-dependent routines, technologies and procedures as well as in individuals who share common experiences and values. Such characteristics raise higher ambiguity and complexity barriers to transferability of this type of knowledge. 17 18 Further analysis in this field showed that RD units have very important roles in the MNC system. Lam Alice, â€Å"Tacit knowledge, organizational learning and societal institutions: an integrated framework†, Organizational Studies, 21, 2000, pp. 87-513. 242 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) The concept of affiliate embeddedness in the business network of relationships with stakeholders is opposed to that of traditional business contact, which a firm makes with its suppliers and consumers and that ends with the exchange. Some relationships in the business network of the affiliate are developed over time, so they evolve from traditional relations to a high level of cooperation and integration. 9 Therefore, the more the affiliate is dependent on its partners in carrying out its business activities and the more it is adjusted to them, the more it is embedded in the business network. If partner organizations are also dependent on the affiliate and adjusted to it, it is more possible that the affiliate embeddedness will be stimulated, because the interdependence leads to the creation of long-term cooperation. So, the higher the interdependence between an affiliate and its partners, the more embedded the affiliate will be in the business network. 0 Further research based on the application of the embeddedness concept clearly indicates that relationships in the network have an influence on affiliate performance. 21 Researchers in this field hypothesize and empirically prove that the closer the business cooperation of the affiliate with partner organizations the easier it is for the affiliate to assimilate new knowledge that comes from outside the MNC system. Consequently, the affiliate is able to innovate and improve its performance in the local market (market performance).The empirical research has also found that the ability of MNC affiliates to assimilate new knowledge from the local business environment could be a crucial source of competitive advantage for MNC as a whole and not just a source of market performance of an affiliate. 22 The empirical research 19 Andersson Ulf, Forsgren Mats, Pedersen Torben, â€Å"Subsidiary performance in multinational corporations: the importance of technology embeddednessâ€Å", International Business Review, 10, 2001, pp. 3–23. Andersson Ulf and Forsgren Mats, â€Å"Subsidiary Embeddedness and Control in the MNCâ€Å", International Business Review, 5, 5, 1996, p p. 87–508. Andersson Ulf and Forsgren Mats, â€Å"Subsidiary Embeddedness and Control in the MNCâ€Å", ibid; Andersson Ulf, Forsgren Mats, Pedersen Torben, â€Å"Subsidiary performance in multinational corporations: the importance of technology embeddednessâ€Å", loc. cit. See: Ghoshal Sumantra and Bartlett A. Christopher, â€Å"The Multinational Corporation as an Interorganizational Networkâ€Å", Academy of Management Review, 15, 4, 1990, pp. 603–625; Gupta Anil and Govindarajan Vijau, â€Å"Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporationsâ€Å", Academy of Management Review, 16, 4, 1991, pp. 68–792; Dunning John and Lundan Sarianna, â€Å"The Geographical Sources of Competitiveness of Multinational Enterprises: an econometric analysisâ€Å", International Business Review, 7, 1998, pp. 115–133. 20 21 22 243 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) dealing sp ecifically with technological knowledge has confirmed the hypothesis that a higher level of external technological affiliate embeddedness is correlated with higher importance of that affiliate for the development of MNC as a system. 23 Authors Andersson et al. 4 focused on the role and performance effect of the subsidiary’s embeddedness. This study found that external subsidiary embeddedness had a positive impact on the development of products (market performances) and the processes in MNC (performances of MNC as a whole through transfer of knowledge). The results of the Andersson et al. ’s study also indicate that there might be a negative relationship between external embeddedness and influence (power) of the subsidiary inside MNC. These results indicate the paradoxical effect of embeddedness.Namely, embeddedness is a way to provide some new competences for the subsidiary and increase its performance and performance of other units, but on the other hand, it could lea d to a reduced interest in contributing to the MNC’s overall performance. These remarks point out that there are some conflicting forces inherent in the federative MNC: 1) gravitation of units, based on the mutual interest in business within the same organization and 2) centrifugal forces as a result of subsidiaries’ embeddedness in the unique local business contexts.This issue will be further discussed in the following segment within the context of knowledge transfer. THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED THEORY OF MNC Knowledge-based theory of MNC views these companies as â€Å"social communities that specialize in the creation and internal transfer of knowledge†. 25 This approach is used by Kogut and Zander26 to make an evolution of the theory of MNC suggesting that MNCs have superior efficiency in knowledge transfer across borders than through external market 23 24 Andersson Ulf, Forsgren Mats and Holm Ulf, â€Å"Subsidiary Embeddedness and Competence Development in MNCs â⠂¬â€œ A Multi – level Analysisâ€Å", loc. it. Andersson Ulf, Forsgren Mats and Holm Ulf, â€Å"Balancing subsidiary influence in the federative MNC: a business network view†, Journal of International Business Studies, 38, 2007, pp. 802-818. Kogut Bruce and Zander Udo, â€Å"Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation†, Journal of International Business Studies, Fourth Quarter, 1993, 625-645, p. 625. Ibid. 25 26 244 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) mechanisms.MNCs are specialized in transfer of tacit knowledge27 that could not be distributed successfully through the market. 28 These authors have empirically proven that the less codifiable and the harder to teach is the technology, the more likely transfer will be done inside the firm. The new perspective of the firm argues that organizations have distinctive advantages in comparison to some institutional mechan isms such as market. These distinctive advantages are based on organizations’ particular capabilities for creating and sharing of knowledge, having in mind tacit knowledge, in particular.The research of knowledge-based and network-based theories provided the re-assessment of the role of the subsidiary, suggesting that it could be strategic in the MNC system. It is now largely accepted that knowledge, created and accumulated in the network of MNC’s organizational units, is a strategically important source of MNC competitive advantage. 29 MNCs have the possibility to access this stock of knowledge, but also to combine it in order to find some new ways of their use. But, there are many challenges for the MNC management concerning successful transfer of knowledge across units.Namely, there are authors that indicate that transfer of knowledge inside the 27 Tacit knowledge is too complex and could not be transferred through the market, so MNCs appear to be efficient vehicles for the transfer of this type of knowledge across the borders. Competences are idiosyncratic, specific, tacit, non–codified knowledge that is very difficult to transfer from one affiliate to another. Speaking of the knowledge transfer it is important to notice the difference between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge.Explicit knowledge is objective and can be expressed in forms such as: data, scientific formulas, specific actions and manuals. Tacit knowledge is difficult to codify and formalize because it is embedded in individuals and is experiential and subjective. Tacit knowledge such as belief, perspective, mental models, ideas and ideals are embedded in people, while organizational knowledge is embedded in organizational processes, procedures, routines and structures. Since explicit knowledge could be easily transmitted it could also be easily imitated by competitors and because of that it is not likely to be a source of competitive advantage.In contrast, tacit know ledge is difficult to access from outside, it is so hard to imitate and because of that it is very important in the creation of distinctive competences. It is clear that tacit knowledge is hard to transmit and it could be done only with the exchange of key people and all the systems that support them (Nonaka Ikujiro, Toyama Ryoko and Nagata Akiya, â€Å"A Firm as a Knowledge-creating Entity: A New Perspective on the Theory of the Firm†, Industrial and Corporate Change, 9, 1, 2000, 1-20). Kogut Bruce and Zander Udo, â€Å"Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation†, loc. cit.Bjorkman Ingmar, Barner-Rasmussen Wilhelm and Li Li, â€Å"Managing knowledge transfer in MNCs: the impact of headquarters control mechanisms†, Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 2004, p. 443. 28 29 245 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) organization is very difficult due to the ch aracteristics of knowledge itself, the specifics of the donor, the specifics of the receiver, and the nature of the relationship between them. 30 It has also been suggested that there are significant barriers to knowledge and innovation transfer because knowledge is embedded in social capital. 1 Affiliates develop long-term relationships with its external partnering organizations. In these relationships, organizations are deeply involved and develop their absorptive, problem-solving and innovative capacity. But, this capacity (knowledge) is developed inside a specific context that could be completely useless in a different context. In this way, the question of successful transfer is raised and further, competences of the management to coordinate and motivate knowledge-sharing are brought to front.Complex and close relationships that the affiliate has with its stakeholders could create competences and knowledge that could not be easily applied within a different business context. Kno wledge, developed by the affiliate, critically depends on the business context, and even on specific relationships. This feature is positively correlated with the ability of the affiliate to create new knowledge. For example, close and long-term cooperation with certain consumers or suppliers provides enlargement of the affiliate’s capacity to solve problems and to create new knowledge.But, the more the solutions are adequate for a specific context the more difficult they are to apply in the business context of other affiliates in the system. As a consequence, it is assumed that the technological embeddedness of the affiliate is positively correlated with the competence development, but also with the characteristics of the context. So, it could be concluded that there is a trade-off between embeddedness (which determines the market performance of the affiliate) and the possibilities of knowledge transfer to other organizational units of MNC (which determines the organizationa l performance of MNC affiliates).However, even though these theoretical considerations sound reasonable they have not been confirmed by the previous empirical research. The study of Andersson et al. 32 has shown that the affiliate embeddedness in the network of 30 These barriers are known as â€Å"corporate immune system† in Birkinshaw Julian and Ridderstrale Jonas, â€Å"Fighting the corporate immune system: a process study of subsidiary initiatives in multinational corporations†, International Business Review, 8, 1999, pp. 149–180.Zander Ivo and Solvell Orjan, â€Å"Cross–Border Innovation in the Multinational Corporation, A Research Agenda†, International Studies of Management Organization, 30, 2, 2000, pp. 44–67. Andersson Ulf, Forsgren Mats and Holm Ulf, â€Å"Subsidiary Embeddedness and Competence Development in MNCs – A Multi – level Analysisâ€Å" Organization Studies, 22, 6, 2001, pp. 1013–1034. 31 32 246 Pes alj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) business relationships is positively correlated with the competence development of MNC as a whole.This conclusion does not imply that all the relationships that an affiliate has with its partners are equally important and that affiliates should be equally embedded in all parts of the network. It means that only some relationships have these features, and they have to be recognized and developed. With regard to these challenges, there is a very important line of research that is focused on the ability of the subsidiary to act as a mediator between external and internal network of MNC.This research stream is especially focused on knowledge transfer within MNC, its determinants and effects on the performance. Studies investigate characteristics of knowledge transfers,33 characteristics of the sender and/or the receiver,34 the relationship between organizational design and knowledge transfers35 and the relationship between knowledge transfers and performances of the sender or receiver. 6 ORGANIZATIONAL MECHANISMS AND KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER IN MNCS Reviewing the knowledge-based approach to MNCs, authors Foss and Pedersen point out that even though it is a very popular and leading modern approach, in the theory of MNC there is still â€Å"a lack of adequate understanding of many of the causal mechanisms and contextual factors in relation between knowledge processes and organizational factors†. 7 Despite a great contribution of the knowledge-based theory to better understanding of MNC on the basis of investigation of importance, determinants and performances of knowledge transfer there are still some important aspects that are 33 34 35 36 Kogut Bruce and Zander Udo, â€Å"Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation†, loc. cit. Gupta, Anil and Govindarajan, Vijay, â€Å"Knowledge Flows within Multinational Corporations†, Strategic Management Journal, 21, 2000, pp. 73–496. O’Donnell W. Sharon, â€Å"Managing Foreign Subsidiaries: Agents of Headquarters, or an Independent Network? †, Strategic Management Journal, 21, 2000, pp. 525–548. Mahnke Volker, Pedersen Torben and Venzin Markus, â€Å"Why do MNC subsidiaries engage in knowledge sharing with other subsidiaries and what are the implications for performance†, DRUID 10th Anniversary Summer Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 27–29, 2005, Internet: http://www. druid. dk/uploads/tx_picturedb/ds2005-1488. df 8/01/2008. Foss Nicolai and Pedersen Torben, â€Å"Organizing knowledge processes in the multinational corporation: an introduction†, Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 2004, pp. 340–349. 37 247 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) underdeveloped. More research is needed on issues of organizational control mechanisms that would give micro foundations to the knowledge-based theory of MNC.More attention needs to be devoted to some issues such as â€Å"provision of incentives, the monitoring of managements and employees, etc. ,†38 and how they may influence the core processes investigated within the knowledge-based theory of MNC – transferring and deploying of knowledge. In the most recent studies using knowledge-based approach of MNC, we could notice that these remarks of Foss and Pedersen are still valid in the present. In order to deal with these issues especially useful is the literature that applies the concept of differentiated MNC.This approach largely provides an empirically based insight into the organizational aspects of knowledge transfers between MNC units. Also, the approach to the research of organizational mechanisms that is based on the social capital theory has provided some very useful insight. To foster knowledge flows within MNC, the parent company has at its disposal tailoring and control mechanisms in order to provide that knowledge is shared among units and consequently that performance is increased. 9 The other relevant argument is revealed in the study of Bjorkman et al. 40 Namely, the process of competences development engages human resources that are nowadays the most valuable resource. Once created, transfer of knowledge that is tacit and the context is specific requires the assistance of the same human resources that participated in the process of creation. So, the subsidiary might face some trade-off between the engagement of resources in the process of competence creation and in the process of knowledge transfer to other units. Therefore, eadquarters need to apply some mechanisms to motivate affiliates to engage its resources in the process of knowledge outflows for the benefits of other units and MNC as a whole, since the same resources could be used in the process of competence development for its own benefits, leading to a better po sition in the MNC system. 41 38 39 Ibid. , p. 341. Rabbiosi Larissa, â€Å"The evolution of reverse knowledge transfer within multinational corporations†, Paper ID: A108, â€Å"The Capitalization of Knowledge: cognitive, economic, social cultural aspects† Turin, Italy, 18–21 May, 2005, Internet: http://www. riplehelix5. com/pdf/A108_THC5. pdf 11/1/2008. Bjorkman Ingmar, Barner-Rasmussen Wilhelm and Li Li, â€Å"Managing knowledge transfer in MNCs: the impact of headquarters control mechanisms†, Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 2004, pp. 443–455. Ibid. 40 41 248 Pesalj B. , Konkurentske prednosti multinacionalnih kompanija, MP 2, 2011 (str. 237–259) Mahnke et al. 42 contributed with a new perspective of the contributing subsidiary – a unit that shares knowledge with other parts of MNC, analyzing its motives to do so and effects on its performance.These authors investigated reasons